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UNIVERSAL PRESERVATION FORMAT GLOSSARY

TERMS AND CROSS-DOMAIN DEFINITIONS
SOURCES
1 bit image

  1. An image comprised of pixel s that contain only a single bit of information . Each pixel is either on or off. Normally, "on" is white and "off" is black.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


24 bit image

  1. A 24-bit image contains pixel s which are made up of RGB triplets.
  2. A digital image that can include approximately 16 million possible colors. In this kind of image, 24 bit s are allocated for the storage of each pixel , allowing 2 to the power of 24 (or more than 16 million) colors to be represented.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

4 Bit Image

  1. An image file format which allows for 4-bits per pixel . Such an image can contain up to 16 (24) different colors or levels of gray within it at one time.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


8 Bit Image

  1. An image where each pixel has 8 bit s of information in it. An 8-bit pixel can take on one of 256possible values . There are two common types of 8-bit images: gray scale and indexed color. In gray-scale images each pixel takes on one of 256 shades of gray and the shades are linearly distributed from 0 (black) to 256 (white). An 8-bit gray-scale image doesn't require a palette but may have one anyway. An indexed color image is always a palette image. Each pixel is used as an index into the palette. Thus these images can have up to 256 different colors in them at one time. This includes hues as well as shades. Indexed 8-bit images are good for low color resolution images that will not need to be processed later on. They are 3x's smaller than full-color RGB images, but because the pixel values are not linear many image processing algorithm s cannot work with them. They must be promoted to 24 bit first.
  2. A digital image that can include as many as 256 possible colors. In this kind of image, 8 bit s are allocated for the storage of each pixel , allowing 2 to the power of 8 (or 256) colors to be represented.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

AAF Unique Identifier

  1. If one designs a clever system for generating these very large numbers, it can be guaranteed that every generated number is unique, that it is a number that no one has ever generated before and no one ever will generate again. These numbers are called Universal Unique Identifiers (UUIDs) or Global Unique Identifiers (GUIDs). The wonderful thing about UUIDs (and GUIDs) is that unique numbers may be assigned to every book published, to every person ever born, to every word in the dictionary, and so on without having to do any bookkeeping and tracking. AAF uses the term Advanced Authoring Format Unique Identifier (AUID) for these numbers that it uses to identify:
    Classes, properties, types , and effects
    Media objects and Media Data
    Generations of objects

    SMPTE Universal Labels are a compatible naming scheme for standardized elements such as media format s and metadata items.

    see identifier

  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification


Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)

  1. Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). ASN.1 is a standardized way for describing structure d information .
  2. ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) is a standard way to describe a message (a unit of application data ) that can be sent or received in a network. ASN.1 is divided into two parts: (1) the rules of syntax for describing the contents of a message in terms of data types and content sequence or structure and (2) how you actually encode each data item in a message. ASN.1 is defined in two ISO standards for application s intended for the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) frame work:

  1. Whatis.com Inc.

access

  1. This OAIS entity contains the services and functions which make the archival information and externally-available services visible to Consumers.
    SEE ALSO: archival
  2. (1) The availability of, or the permission to consult, records. (2) The ability or opportunity to obtain security-classified or administratively controlled information or records. See also ADMINISTRATIVELY CONTROLLED INFORMATION, CLASSIFIED INFORMATION.
  1. Reference Model For An Oais

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

access control

  1. Provides means to access services and protection against the unauthorised interception of the services.
  2. Features for operational security may be included in a Wrapper format to prevent unauthorized access to Content. Operational security requires the use of a log-in procedure (or decryption key) and supports the user as an individual or a member of a group. Files may be protected by their location and by time limits. Access rights may be provided at several levels. Encryption is the only feasible mechanism of protecting components within a Wrapper.
  1. Digital Audio-visual Council

  2. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

access image

  1. User requirements for derivative "access" images, including speed of display, browsing versus in depth examination, and color/tonal fidelity will also become program mable. An early example of such considerations is seen in "progressive transmission" in which a complete, but low resolution image is transferred quickly; detail is added gradually until full image capture is displayed or the reader halts the transmission.
    SEE: thumbnail

  1. Conversion Of Traditional Source Materials Into Digital Form


acquisition format

  1. Typically, footage shot on S-VHS or Hi8 intended to be transferred to a higher quality format in order to retain quality during subsequent editing and copying.

  1. Cybercollege: Glossary Of Key Terms


additive primary colors

  1. Red, Green, Blue, which are the 3 colors used to create all other colors when direct, or transmitted, light is used (as in a video monitor). They are
    called additive primaries, because when these three colors are superimposed they produce white.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


administrative data

  1. This is metadata that relates to the management of an object in a particular server or repository. Some examples of information stored in administrative data is date of last modification, date of creation, and the administrator's identity.

  1. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata


Advanced Authoring Format

  1. The Advanced Authoring Format (AAF) is an industry initiative by the Promoters, for the purpose of specifying an extensible, platform -independent multimedia file format to meet authoring application interchange needs.
  2. The Advanced Authoring Format is a structure d container for media and metadata that provides a single object-oriented model to interchange a broad variety of media types including video , audio , still images, graphics, text, MIDI files, animation, compositional information and event triggers. The AAF format contains the media assets and preserves their file-specific intrinsic information , as well as the authoring information (in- and out-point, volume, pan, time and frame markers, etc.) involving those media assets and any interactions between them. To meet the rich content authoring and interchange needs, AAF must be a robust , extensible, platform -independent structure d storage file format , able to store a variety of raw media file format s and the complex metadata that describes the usage of the media data , and be capable of efficient playback and incremental updates. As the evolution of digital media technology brings the high-end and low-end creation processes into convergence, AAF must also be thoroughly scalable and usable by the very high-end professional application s as well as consumer-level application s. Structured storage, one of the technical underpinnings of AAF, refers to a data storage architecture that uses a "file system within a file" architecture . This container format is to be a public domain format , allowing interested parties to add future developments or enhancements in a due process environment. Microsoft is specifically upgrading the core technology compound file format on all platform s (Microsoft Windows¨, Apple¨ Macintosh¨, UNIX) to address the needs of AAF, for instance, files larger than 2 gigabytes and large data block sizes.
  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification

  2. Advanced Authoring Format Specification

algorithm

  1. A rule (often mathematical) governing computer processes.

    see compression algorithm
  2. A formula or set of steps for solving a particular problem. To be an algorithm, a set of rules must be unambiguous and have a clear stopping point. Algorithms can be expressed in any language, from natural languages like English or French to program ming languages like FORTRAN. We use algorithms every day. For example, a recipe for baking a cake is an algorithm. Most program s, with the exception of some artificial intelligence application s, consist of algorithms. Inventing elegant algorithms -- algorithms that are simple and require the fewest steps possible -- is one of the principal challenges in program ming.
  3. The term algorithm (pronounced "AL-go-rith-um") is a procedure or formula for solving a problem. The word derives from the name of the Arab mathematician, Al-Khowarizmi (825 AD). A computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent problem.
  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  2. Pcwebopedia

  3. Whatis.com Inc.
analog

  1. measurement of data using electrical or other continuous physical variables, e.g. voltage, temperature, or pressure. An analog signal is transmitted in continuous form by electrical waves, whereby the sound of a person's voice or other noise is converted into electrical vibrations and carried from point A to point B. Contrast with Digital.
  2. Representing data by measuring a continuous physical variable, such as the rotation of hands on a clock, in contrast to a digital clock. See also COMPUTER, DIGITAL.
  3. A type of transmission in which a continuously variable signal encodes an infinite number of values for the information being sent. (Compare with "digital.")
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

  3. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material
analog 2

  1. Analog technology refers to electronic transmission accomplished by adding signals of varying frequency or amplitude to carrier waves of a given frequency of alternating electromagnetic current. Broadcast and phone transmission have conventionally used analog technology. Analog also connotes any fluctuating, evolving, or continually changing process. Analog is usually represented as a series of sine waves. The term origin ated because the modulation of the carrier wave is analog ous to the fluctuations of the voice itself. A modem is used to convert the digital information in your computer to analog signals for your phone line and to convert analog phone signals to digital information for your computer.
  2. As opposed to a digital signal, a signal that varies smoothly between certain ranges. An analog signal bears an exact, continuous relationship to the origin al information .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Cybercollege: Glossary Of Key Terms

analog computing

  1. Analog computing is a term used by Paul Saffo of the Institute for the Future in Palo Alto, California, to describe silicon-based microsensors that sense and react to external (natural) stimuli in something that approximates the rhythm of reality rather than the "artificial" binary behavior of digital computing. Saffo foresees that, by implanting tiny machines including sensors and actuators in the same materials used to manufacture digital memory and processors (and by using some of the same manufacturing techniques), the next decade will increasingly find uses for "intelligent" material that responds to its environment in analog or dynamically responding fashion. Examples include packages that can "talk back" to their handle rs; airplane wings that can reshape themselves as they meet turbulence; chairs that can mold themselves into the best supporting shape for each person. Saffo's analog computers also go by the names of MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) and smart matter.

  1. Whatis.com Inc.


analog-to-digital

  1. The process in which a continuous analog signal is quantized and converted to a series of binary integers.
  2. Analog-to-digital conversion is an electronic process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital) signal. The input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consists of a voltage that varies among a theoretically infinite number of values . Examples are sine waves, the waveforms representing human speech, and the signals from a conventional television camera. The output of the ADC, in contrast, has defined levels or states. The number of states is almost always a power of two -- that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital signals have only two states, and are called binary . All whole numbers can be represented in binary form as strings of ones and zeros. Digital signals propagate more efficiently than analog signals, largely because digital impulses, which are well-defined and orderly, are easier for electronic circuits to distinguish from noise, which is chaotic. This is the chief advantage of digital modes in communications. Computers "talk" and "think" in terms of binary digital data ; while a microprocessor can analyze analog data , it must be converted into digital form for the computer to make sense of it. A typical telephone modem makes use of an ADC to convert the incoming audio from a twisted-pair line into signals the computer can understand. In a digital signal processing (DSP) system, an ADC is required if the signal input is analog .
  3. The process of converting an analog signal to digital data .
  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling

  2. Whatis.com Inc

  3. Cybercollege: Glossary Of Key Terms
annotation metadata

  1. Encapsulation introduces a problem, however: a prospective reader needs to know how to open the encapsulation and read the record inside it. Furthermore, it is unreasonable to expect data administrators to open and read each encapsulated record every time they need to decide where to store it, how to index it, who should be allowed access to it, etc. The solution to these problems is to attach annotation metadata to the "surface" of each encapsulation , both to explain how to decode the obsolete records contained inside the encapsulation and to provide whatever contextual information is desired about those records.
    See encapsulation

  1. Pcwebopedia


application

  1. A specific use of computer, micrographic, or other information technology, such as in payroll or inventory control
  2. a set of objects that provides an environment for processing Application Service Layer information flows.
  3. 1) In information technology, an application is the use of a technology, system, or product. 2) The term application is a shorter form of application program . An application program is a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application program . Examples of applications include word processors, data base program s, Web browser s, development tools, drawing, paint, and image editing program s, and communication program s. Applications use the services of the computer's operating system and other supporting applications. The formal requests and means of communicating with other program s that an application program uses is called the application program interface (API).
  1. Federal Records Management Glossary

  2. Digital Audio-visual Council

  3. Whatis.com Inc.
Application Programming Interface

  1. API: Specific Wrapper Profiles, particularly those emphasizing richness of data description may require a standard application program ming interface (API) to simplify the process of reading and writing the Wrapper format .

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


architecture

  1. In information technology, especially computers and more recently networks, architecture is a term applied to both the process and the outcome of thinking out and specifying the overall structure , logical components, and the logical interrelationships of a computer, its operating system , a network, or other conception. An architecture can be a reference model, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, intended as a model for specific product architectures or it can be a specific product architecture, such as that for an Intel Pentium microprocessor or for IBM's OS/390 operating system . Computer architecture can be divided into five fundamental components: input/output, storage, communication, control, and processing. In practice, each of these components (sometimes called subsystems) is sometimes said to have an architecture, so, as usual, context contributes to usage and meaning. By comparison, the term design connotes thinking that has less scope than architecture. An architecture is a design, but most designs are not architectures. A single component or a new function has a design that has to fit within the overall architecture. A similar term, frame work, can be thought of as the structural part of an architecture.
  2. The manner in which a system (such as a network or a computer) or program is structure d. See also closed architecture, distributed architecture and open architecture. The general logical processing to capture, store, transmit and present images to the retrieving user .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

archival

  1. A document that can be expected to be kept permanently as closely as possible to its origin al form. An archival document medium is one that can be "expected" to retain permanently its origin al characteristics (such expectations may or may not prove to be realized in actual practice). A document published in such a medium is of archival quality and can be expected to resist deterioration.
    Permanent paper is manufactured to resist chemical action so as to retard the effects of aging as determined by precise technical specification s. Durability refers to certain lasting qualities with respect to folding and tear resistance.

  2. Data preserved in its origin al state for a long period of time. The definition of length is flexible - anywhere from five to more than 100 years - depending on the storage medium.
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

archival backup

  1. A type of backup in which all files are copied to a backup storage device . Archival backup s are also called full backup . Contrast with incremental backup s, in which only modified files are copied.

  1. Pcwebopedia


archival image

  1. An image meant to have lasting utility. An "archival" digital image is generally an image kept off-line in a safe place; it is often of higher quality than the digital image delivered to the user .
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


archival microfilm

  1. A photographic film that meets the standards for archival film described in NARA's micrographic regulations and that is suitable for the preservation of permanent records when stored in accordance with those regulations.
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


archival quality

  1. The ability of material, such as processed prints or film , to resist deterioration sufficiently to meet standards for permanent records .

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


archival record

  1. permanent records determined to be of sufficient additional historical, continuing or enduring value as to warrant the added cost of storage, conservation and preservation in an archival facility. Does not include all permanent records .
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


archival standards

  1. he standards to be met by a type of recording material or process in order for this material to have and retain specified characteristics necessary for permanent records . See also ARCHIVAL QUALITY, PERMANENT RECORDS.
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


archival storage

  1. Storage conditions specifically designed to extend or maximize the lifetime of stored media. Generally involves the use of temperatures and humidities lower that access storage conditions. Temperatures and humidities are also tightly controlled within a narrow range, and access by personnel is limited.

  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


archive

  1. a repository specifically designed for preservation , storage, display and use of archival records.
    see archival
    see backup
  2. A collection of permanently valuable historical records document ing a particular subject or activity or transaction. Also the repository where such a collection is kept.
  3. A repository that intends to preserve information for access and use by one or
    more Designated Communities.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Technical Services Department Glossary

  3. Reference Model For An Oais
archive 2

  1. 1) An archive is a collection of computer files that have been packaged together for backup , to transport to some other location, for saving away from the computer so that more hard disk storage can be made available, or for some other purpose. An archive can include a simple list of files or files organized under a directory or catalog structure (depending on how a particular program supports archiving). On personal computers with the Windows operating system , WinZip is a popular program that lets you create an archive (a single file that holds a number of files that you plan to save to another medium or send someone electronically) or extract its files. WinZip also compresses the files that are archive d, but compression is not required to create an archive . A WinZip archive has the file name suffix ".zip". In UNIX-based operating system s, the tar (tape archive ) utility can be used to create an archive or extract files from one. On mainframe operating system s such as IBM's MVS and OS/390, procedures for archiving or backing up files are often automated as a daily operation. 2) On Web sites as well as in libraries, an archive is a collection of individual publications that are often catalog ed or listed and made access ible in some way. Magazines, journals, and newspapers with Web sites sometimes refer to their back issues as an archive . 3) Web and FTP sites that provide software program s that can be downloaded sometimes refer to the list of downloadable files as an archive or as archive s.
  2. Long-term, off-line electronic storage, generally on some form of disc or magnetic tape .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Cybercollege: Glossary Of Key Terms

ASCII

  1. Acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Pronounced ask-ee, ASCII is a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127. For example, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77. Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text, which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another. Text files stored in ASCII format are sometimes called ASCII files. Text editors and word processors are usually capable of storing data in ASCII format , although ASCII format is not always the default storage format . Most data files, particularly if they contain numeric data , are not stored in ASCII format . Executable program s are never stored in ASCII format . The standard ASCII character set uses just 7 bit s for each character. There are several larger character sets that use 8 bit s, which gives them 128 additional characters. The extra characters are used to represent non-English characters, graphics symbol s, and mathematical symbol s. Several companies and organizations have proposed extensions for these 128 characters. The DOS operating system uses a superset of ASCII called extended ASCII or high ASCII. A more universal standard is the ISO Latin 1 set of characters, which is used by many operating system s, as well as Web browser s.
  2. ASCII may have essentially replaced EBCDIC, Baudot, and various other text encodings, but it may soon be replaced by Unicode or some other scheme. It is erroneous to assume that any such standard will reign for long.
  3. To solve the problem of storing 36-bit words in 8-bit file systems, Dr. Bawden came up with the word file format . He designed it some time ago for the origin al problem of migrating ``important'' files between ITS and TOPS-20 machines, during the time when they coexisted in this building. The primary goal of the word file format is to preserve the readability of ASCII text. This translation is not one-way, so the 36-bit words can be reassembled by reversing the process. Therefore, we decided to continue using these word files for storing ITS data in our TCFS files.
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity

  3. Tape Archiving Using The Time Capsule File System
aspect ratio

  1. The proportion of an image's size given in terms of the horizontal length verses the vertical height. An aspect ratio of 4:3 indicates that the image is 4/3 times
    as wide as it is high.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


assembler

  1. An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bit s that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language. Here's how it works: Most computers come with a specified set of very basic "instructions" that correspond to the basic machine operations that the computer can perform. For example, a "Load" instruction causes the processor to move a string of bit s from a location in the processor's memory to a special holding place called a "register." Assuming the processor has at least eight registers, each numbered, the following instruction would move the value (string of bit s of a certain length) at memory location 3000 into the holding place called register 8: L 8,3000 The program mer can write a program using a sequence of these assembler instructions. This sequence of assembler instructions, known as the "source code" or "source" program , is then specified to the assembler program when that program is started. The assembler program takes each program statement in the source program and generates a corresponding bit stream or pattern (a series of 0's and 1's of a given length). The output of the assembler program is called the "object program " (or "object module") relative to the input "source program ." The sequence of 0's and 1's that constitute the object program is sometimes called "machine code." The object program can then be run (or "executed") whenever desired. In the earliest computers, program mers actually wrote program s in machine code, but assembler languages or instruction sets were soon developed to speed up program ming. Today, assembler program ming is used only where very efficient control over processor operations is needed. It requires knowledge of a particular computer's instruction set, however. Historically, most program s have been written in "higher-level" languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and C. These languages are easier to learn and faster to write program s with than assembler language. The program that processes the source code written in these languages is called a compiler . Like the assembler, a compiler takes higher-level language statements and reduces them to machine code. A newer idea in program preparation and portability is the concept of a "virtual machine." For example, using the Java program ming language, the output, called "byte code," is compiled for a theoretical computer. The byte code can then be sent to any computer platform that has previously downloaded or built in the Java virtual machine . The virtual machine is aware of the specific instruction lengths and other particularities of the platform and can execute the Java byte code.
  2. A program that translates program s from assembly language to machine language. Machine languages consist entirely of numbers and are almost impossible for humans to read and write. Assembly languages have the same structure and set of commands as machine languages, but they enable a program mer to use names instead of numbers.
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Pcwebopedia

asset management

  1. Wrapper format s must support indirect references to content Ð that is, references to objects which are themselves references to Content. This is a basic requirement used to support all manner of different material management systems. Effective asset management is required by the user s. This may be provided by either manual or automatic methods as appropriate. Wrapper referencing of Content can work most effectively where automation tools are provided for storage administration tasks and to ensure cohesive referencing when files are moved or copied.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


assets

  1. Things that a user sees or hears, e.g., bit map, audio , text.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


audio

  1. Audio document s are recordings made on a variety of (usually) magnetic media (see 3.3.1.6) of sounds only (as contrasted with video recordings (1.1.3) that also combine images). The evolution of such audio recordings has traversed a large number of different format s and physical media, including phonograph disks (records) of varying size (78 rpm's. 45 rpm's, 33 rpm's) and tape cassettes (of different format s), both of which are analog (see 1.1.6) recording technologies; and, more recently, compact disks and digital acoustic tapes (DATs), which are digital ly (1.1.6) encoded.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


audiovisual records

  1. Records in pictorial or aural form. Include still and motion pictures; graphic materials, such as posters and origin al art; audio and video recordings; and combinations of media, such as slide-tape productions.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


authority control

  1. the process of verifying and authorizing the choice of unique access points, such as personal names and subjects, and ensuring that the access points are consistently applied.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


automatic indexing

  1. Indexing of a text done by computer without human intervention (usually by finding the words occurring most frequently within the document ).

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


backbone

  1. the primary "connection" mechanism of a network. All networks that are connected to an intermediate system on the backbone are assured of connectivity to each other.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


backup

  1. Backup is the activity of copying files or data bases so that they will be preserved in case of equipment failure or other catastrophe. Backup is usually a routine part of the operation of large businesses with mainframes as well as the administrators of smaller business computers. For personal computer user s, backup is also necessary but often neglected. The retrieval of files you backed up is called restoring them. also back up see archive see preservation
  2. A copy of stored data . A fixed magnetic disk, for example, can fail - and accidentally destroy the data it contains. A back-up prevents catastrophic loss of valuable information .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

bandwidth

  1. measure of the information capacity of a transmission channel on a network. Determines the speed and efficiency with which data travels over the network.
  2. The transmission capacity of a communications channel, usually expressed in bit s or byte s per second (the former is also called baud rate).
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

bento

  1. A general container format and software API developed by Apple Computer, Inc. OMF Interchange uses Bento as a storage and access system for the information in an OMF Interchange file.
  2. page 274

    defines a container format that you can use in files, network streams, clipboard s, and so on. A Bento file container allows application s to store and retrieve collections of objects in a single structure d file, along with their references -- or links -- to other objects .

    The Bento container is platform neutral; it can store any type of data . In a Bento document , each object has a persistent ID that moves with it from system to system. Bento also supports references between objects in different document s. If there are several drafts of a document , Bento only stores the incremental changes. This makes it easy to maintain different versions of the same document .

    see frame work
  1. Open Media Framework

  2. Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide

bibliographic information

  1. ASF provides the capability to maintain extensive bibliographic information in a manner that is highly flexible and very extensible. All bibliographic information is stored in the file header in Unicode and is designed for multiple language support, if needed. Bibliographic fields can either be predefined (for example, author and title) or author-defined (for example, search terms). Bibliographic entries can apply to either the whole file or a single media stream.

  1. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper


big-endian and little-endian

  1. Big-endian and little-endian are terms that describe the order in which a sequence of byte s are stored in computer memory. Big-endian is an order in which the "big end" (most significant value in the sequence) is stored first (at the lowest storage address). Little-endian is an order in which the "little end" (least significant value in the sequence) is stored first. For example, in a big-endian computer, the two byte s required for the hexadecimal number 4F52 would be stored as 4F52 in storage (if 4F is stored at storage address 1000, for example, 52 will be at address 1001). In a little-endian system, it would be stored as 524F (52 at address 1000, 4F at 1001). IBM's 370 computers, most RISC-based computers, and Motorola microprocessors use the big-endian approach. For people who use languages that read left-to-right, this seems like the natural way to think of a storing a string of characters or numbers - in the same order you expect to see it presented to you. Many of us would thus think of big-endian as storing something in forward fashion, just as we read. On the other hand, Intel processors (CPUs) and DEC Alphas and at least some program s that run on them are little-endian. An argument for little-endian order is that, for numeric values , as you increase them, you add digits to the left. Thus, an addition of two numbers often requires moving all the digits of a big-endian ordered number in storage. In a number stored in little-endian fashion, the least significant byte s can stay where they are and new numbers can be added to the left. This means that some computer operations may be simpler and faster to perform. Language compiler s such as that of Javaor FORTRAN have to know which way the object code they develop is going to be stored. Converters can be used to change one kind of endian to the other when necessary. Note that within both big-endian and little-endian byte orders, the bit s within each byte are big-endian. That is, there is no attempt to be big- or little-endian about the entire bit stream represented by a given number of stored byte s. For example, whether hexadecimal 4F is put in storage first or last with other byte s in a given storage address range, the bit order within the byte will be: 01001111 It is possible to be big-endian or little-endian about the bit order, but CPUs and program s are almost always designed for a big-endian bit order. In data transmission, however, it is possible to have either bit order. Eric Raymond observes that Internet domain name addresses and e-mail addresses are little-endian. For example, a big-endian version of our domain name address would be: com.whatis.www Big-endian and little-endian derive from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels in which the Big Endians were a political faction that broke their eggs at the large end ("the primitive way") and rebelled against the Lilliputian King who required his subjects (the Little Endians) to break their eggs at the small end.
  2. refers to which byte s are most significant in multi-byte data types . In big-endian architecture s, the leftmost byte s (those with a lower address) are most significant. In little-endian architecture s, the rightmost byte s are most significant. For example, consider the number 1025 (2 to the tenth power plus one) stored in a 4-byte integer 00000000 00000000 00000100 00000001 Address Big-Endian representation of 1025 Little-Endian representation of 1025 00 01 02 03 00000000 00000000 00000100 00000001 00000001 00000100 00000000 00000000 Many mainframe computers, particularly IBM mainframes, use a big-endian architecture . Most modern computers, including PCs, use the little-endian system. The PowerPC system is bi-endian because it can understand both systems. Converting data between the two systems is sometimes referred to as the NUXI problem. Imagine the word UNIX stored in two 2-byte words. In a Big-Endian systems, it would be stored as UNIX. In a little-endian system, it would be stored as NUXI. Note that the example above shows only big- and little-endian byte orders. The bit ordering within each byte can also be big- or little-endian, and some architecture s actually use big-endian ordering for bit s and little-endian ordering for byte s, or vice versa. The terms big-endian and little-endian are derived from the Lilliputians of Gulliver's Travels, whose major political issue was whether soft-boiled eggs should be opened on the big side or the little side. Likewise, the big-/little-endian computer debate has much more to do with political issues than technological merits.
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Pcwebopedia

binary

  1. Pertaining to a number system that has just two unique digits. For most purposes, we use the decimal number system, which has ten unique digits, 0 through 9. All other numbers are then formed by combining these ten digits. Computers are based on the binary numbering system, which consists of just two unique numbers, 0 and 1. All operations that are possible in the decimal system (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) are equally possible in the binary system. We use the decimal system in everyday life because it seems more natural (we have ten fingers and ten toes). For the computer, the binary system is more natural because of its electrical nature (charged versus uncharged).

  1. Pcwebopedia


binary code

  1. A code using two distinct characters, normally 0 and 1

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


binary compatible

  1. Having the exact same data format , down to the binary level. That is, two files that are binary compatible will have the same pattern of zeroes and ones in the data portion of the file. The file header , however, may be different. The term is used most commonly to state that data files produced by one application are exactly the same as data files produced by another application . For example, many software companies now produce application s for Windows and the Macintosh that are binary compatible , which means that a file produced in a Windows environment is interchangeable with a file produced on a Macintosh. This avoids many of the conversion problems caused by importing and exporting data .

  1. Pcwebopedia


binary format

  1. A format for representing data used by some application s. The other main format s for storing data are text format s (such as ASCII and EBCDIC), in which each character of data is assigned a specific code number. Binary format s are used for executable program s and numeric data , whereas text format s are used for textual data . Many files contain a combination of binary and text format s. Such files are usually considered to be binary files even though they contain some data in a text format .

  1. Pcwebopedia


binary number

  1. A number that can be represented using only two numeric symbol s - 0 and 1. A number in base 2.

  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


bit

  1. A single numeric character. Each bit of a binary number can either be 0 or 1. An n-bit number is composed of exactly n numeric characters. An n-bit
    binary number can have 2n distinct values . For example, an 8-bit binary number has 28 = 256 distinct values , namely all the numbers between 00000000
    (0 in decimal) and 11111111 (255 in decimal), inclusive. 8-bit quantization would discretely sample a signal and assign each sampling a value between 0
    and 255, permitting 256 possible values .
  2. physically, a memory cell within the computer and the smallest unit of information in a computer. The value of a bit represents a simple two-way choice, such as yes or no, on or off, positive or negative, something or nothing.
  3. The small unit of information (usually either a 0 or a 1) recognizable by a computer. A combination of binary digit.
  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


  2. Federal Records Management Glossary
bit 2

  1. A member selected from a binary set. Bit is an abbreviation for binary digit.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


bit block transfer

  1. An optimized movement of a large block of computer memory from one location to another. Used for moving images or sub-images to and from areas of
    computer memory.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


bit-mapped graphics

  1. A method of generating images by representing a picture image as a matrix of dots or picture elements, such as in an optical disk system. Also called raster graphics.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


bitmap

  1. also bit map An image is called a bit map if it contains a value for each of its pixel s. This is the opposite of vector images where a small set of values can generate an object.
  2. An image created from a series of bit s and byte s that form pixel s. Each pixel can vary in color or gray-scale value. Also known as a raster image.
  3. Image data bit s or pixel s are acquired, stored or "mapped" into memory, and/or displayed in the exact position as in the origin al view, document , or scene. Representation of digitized characters or graphics by individual pixel s arranged in row (horizontal) and column (vertical) order. Each pixel is represented by either one bit (simple black & white) or up to 86 bit s (high definition gray scale).
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  3. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions
BMP

  1. Format origin ator: Microsoft Corporation 16011 NE 36th Way, Box 97917/Redmond, WA 98073

  1. Imaging Dictionary


bootstrap standard

  1. Choosing a particular transparent annotation format has the effect of adopting a "bootstrap standard" that solves the problem of interpreting recursive encapsulation s: this bootstrap enables a future reader to decipher some initial portion of the metadata annotating an encapsulated record. This initial explanatory annotation can in turn explain how to read the encapsulated record itself.
    see encapsulation
    see self description

  1. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity


browse image

  1. A small image (usually derived from a larger one). Browse images (often called "thumbnails") permit a user to view a dozen or more images on a single screen.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


browser

  1. a computer program that provides access to the World Wide Web. The browser reads document s and can fetch document s from other sources. Information providers such as VLIN set up "hypermedia" server s from which browsers can get document s. Mosaic, Netscape, and Lynx are examples of browsers. see reader see media compiler
  2. A browser is a program that provides a way to look at, read, and even hear all the information on the World Wide Web. The word "browser" seems to have origin ated prior to the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that let you browse text files online. By the time the first Web browser with a graphical user interface was invented (it was called Mosaic), the term seemed to apply to Web content, too. Technically, a Web browser is a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to make requests of Web server s throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user . Currently, the most popular browser is Netscape Navigator. Microsoft's Internet Explorer is gaining usage as Windows 95 installations grow. A commercial version of the origin al browser, Mosaic, is in use. Other browsers include the browsers for the online services, America Online, Compuserve, and Prodigy, but these are beginning to offer Netscape or Internet Explorer in addition to or as a replacement for their own. Lynx is a text-only browser for UNIX shell and VMS user s.
  3. Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Both of these are graphical browsers, which means that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modern browsers can present multimedia information , including sound and video , though they require plug-ins for some format s.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

  3. Pcwebopedia
byte

  1. The number of bit s representing a character to a computer, normally 8 bit s.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


byte stream

  1. Data that consists of an unbroken stream of byte s.

    see stream

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


capture technology

  1. Capture Technology refers to the technology used to transform the images or information contained in the origin al document into some other form, the form
    dependent upon the overall media conversion technology being used. This term is not relevant to Conservation (3.1.1) or Deacidification (3.1.2), which are
    conservation technologies, and do not employ media conversion techniques. Printing (see 1.1.1) on paper, is of course also a capture technology.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


catalog

  1. a list of items that records, describes, and indexes the resources of a collection, a library, or a group of libraries. cataloging: the process of preparing a catalog or entries for a catalog. This includes the classification and assignment of subject headings for books and materials and determining all points of access to the record.
  2. When the library and information community discuss metadata , the most common analog y given is the library catalogue record. Priscilla Caplan, for example, has defined metadata as a neutral term for cataloguing without the "excess baggage" of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules or the MARC format s [1]. The most well-known metadata initiative, the Dubin Core Metadata Element Set, has the specific aim of supporting resource discovery in a network environment.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Extending Metadata For Digital Preservation

CIMI

  1. An acronym and logotype for all the efforts on behalf of the Computer Interchange of Museum Information undertaken by the Museum Computer
    Network to support the development and implementation of standards for automated recording and retrieval of museum information .

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


class hierarchy

  1. The hierarchical list of object classes and subclasses in OMF Interchange that determines the inherited properties of each class.

  1. Open Media Framework


classification

  1. systematic scheme for the arrangement of books and materials according to subject or form. The arrangement of series or files within a record group or groups within an archival collection.
  2. A system for assigning certain letters or numbers to books in order to group them in different subject areas. PUL uses two classification systems:
    LC - Library of Congress classification system developed at the largest library in the country, the Library of Congress in Washington,
    D.C.
    Richardson - a classification system developed at the turn of the century by Ernest Richardson, a Princeton University Librarian.
  3. (1) The process of determining the sequence or order in which to arrange document s. See also ARRANGEMENT, FILE DESIGNATION.
    (2) See FILING SYSTEM. (3) The process or result of identifying records containing national security information . See also CLASSIFIED INFORMATION,
    DECLASSIFICATION.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


  2. Federal Records Management Glossary
client-server

  1. relationship in network and distributed systems in which one computer (client) requests data or support from another computer (server).
  2. An implementation of computer technology, in contrast to mainframe or "host" based systems, which distribute computing activity over several machines. Typically, but not exclusively, client/server architecture involves having the principal data base stored on a high powered machine that acts as a "server" while the application or end-user interface runs on a workstation with computing power of its own, like a pc. This pc would be called the client. Client software typically is written to query the server , retrieve large amounts of data from it, and perform data manipulation and presentation on the client machine. In host/mainframe architecture , the data storage and manipulation all takes place on the central computer.
  3. A systems architecture design that divides functions (which might be part of a single application ) between two or more computers. The client is the machine that requests information ; the server is the machine that supplies it. A typical client/server architecture for imaging might allow a server to store and transmit a compressed file, and the client to decompress, process, and display the image.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Technical Services Department Glossary

  3. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database
clipboard

  1. The clipboard is a windows data structure used to exchanged data between application s. It is a common area where application s and place data and others can access it. These operations are usually referred to as Cut (place data in) and Paste (take data out).

  1. Imaging Dictionary


color space

  1. A mathematical coordinate system (space) for assigning numerical values to colors. There are many ways to define such spaces, each with its own benefits and
    problems. See CMY & CMYK, IHS, HSL, HSV, Lab (L*a*b*), RGB, YCrCb,YIQ.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


Common Information System

  1. Common Information System, designed to enable global automation of rights management by 2000. Identifiers drive every aspect of the system. Global data bases either already exist or are planned to enable identification of: interested parties sound recordings - an ISO standard twelve character code music (International Standard Music Number (ISMN) - an ISO standard nine digit number, the last being a check digit, prefixed by the letter M) works (International Standard Work Code (ISWC) - proposed ISO standard based on ISMN syntax using T as prefix) agreements (International Standard Agreement Number (ISAN) - still to be created) audio -visual works (Numero Unique d'Identification (NUI) - still to be finalised)
    see unique identifier s
  2. The Common Information System (CIS) and the International Standard Work Code (ISWC)

    The music industry and community of authors' societies have some particularly complex copyright
    management requirements and have devised a Common Information System (CIS) designed to
    integrate and standardise a number of key data bases outlined below. Initiatives are directed by the
    International Confederation of Authors and Composers' Societies (CISAC) and the International
    Federation of Phonograph Industries (IFPI).

    The Compositeur, Auteur, Editeur (CAE) number currently identifies the creators and publishers
    of music and literary texts. It is an entirely 'dumb' number which is to be extended to encompass all
    CISAC repertoires including visual, audio visual and plastic arts, and renamed as an Interested
    Party (IP) number.

    The International Standard Music Number (ISMN) identifies the published edition of printed
    music.

    The International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) identifies individual sound recordings (such as
    make up the music tracks on CDs).

    The International Standard AudioVisual Number (ISAN) is a new joint development of CISAC and
    the film producers group AGICOA, which identifies individual audio visual works such as film or
    television program mes in a similar fashion to the ISRC.

    The cross-industry EAN/UPC article number, which can also be expressed as a barcode, is used to
    identify the carrier of the recorded music (e.g. the CD, tape cassette etc.).

    The International Standard Work Code (ISWC) identifies the musical composition itself, rather
    that the printed or recorded expression of the work

    The ISWC is a recent development, successfully piloted for music in the first half of 1996, and it
    has been suggested that it could be extended to cover literature and visual arts as well as music.
    The ISWC, origin ally ten characters, has now been extended to eleven. The first character is, for
    the music world, the letter 'T' (for tune) followed by a unique nine digit number and a check digit.
    One or more single letter prefixes could be allocated to the literary and visual arts community. The
    International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFRRO) has expressed its intention
    to adopt the ISWC 'L' for literature as the way in which they will identify literary works.

    ISWC is a 'dumb' number which cannot be reconstructed from the actual work. Its level of
    granularity is arbitrary and it can therefore be assigned to any fragment that needs to be uniquely
    identified (e.g. separate ISWCs for a whole opera and an aria within that opera).

    Doubts have been expressed about the capacity of the system, but the extension of the number has
    gone some way towards allaying fears concerning its adequacy. ISWC appears to be a
    complementary and not a competitive initiative to those of the book and serials publishing industry.
  1. Tools And Standards For Protection, Control And Presentation Of Data

  2. Unique Identifiers: A Brief Introduction

compatibility and conversion

  1. Wrappers must be compatible with existing format s, including format s for Essence (however stored or
    transported), and format s for Metadata. In addition, the use of Wrappers must be compatible with
    established working practices.
    It is recognized, however, that when existing Essence and Metadata format s are included within program
    material, some of the benefits to be obtained from new Wrapper format s may not be available.
    · A format is Compatible with a Wrapper format when Metadata or Essence can be directly placed in a
    Wrapper from the source format or directly exported from a Wrapper.
    · Lossless Conversion is possible when Metadata or Essence cannot be directly used but can be
    translated to or from the Wrapper with some processing, and the conversion can be fully reversed.
    · Lossy Conversion is possible when Metadata or Essence cannot be directly used but can be translated
    to or from the Wrapper with some processing, and some loss of meaning or quality, and the conversion
    cannot be fully reversed.
    Users require Lossless Conversion or better in all cases, except where Content from outside a Wrapper is
    involved; in which case, user s require Lossy Conversion or better.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


compatible

  1. n) Indicates that a product can work with or is equivalent to another, better-known product. The term is often used as a shorthand for IBM-compatible PC , a computer that is compatible with an IBM PC. Another term for a compatible is clone. (adj) The ability of one device or program to work with another device or program . The term compatible implies different degrees of partnership. For example, a printer and a computer are said to be compatible if they can be connected to each other. An IBM compatible PC, on the other hand, is a computer that can run the same software as an IBM PC. Compatibility of two devices, such as printers, usually means that they react to software commands in the same way. Some printers achieve compatibility by tricking the software into believing that the printer is a different machine. This is called emulation . Be aware, however, that hardware compatibility does not always extend to expansion slots. For example, two compatible printers may not accept the same font cartridges. Complete hardware compatibility is denoted by the term plug compatible. Software products are compatible if they use the same data format s. For example, many program s are compatible with dBASE. This means that the files they produce can easily be transform ed into a dBASE data base or that they can import dBASE files.

  1. Pcwebopedia


compiler

  1. program that translates source code into object code . The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instructions. Thus, a compiler differs from an interpreter, which analyzes and executes each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program . The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately. Compilers require some time before an executable program emerges. However, program s produced by compilers run much faster than the same program s executed by an interpreter. Every high-level program ming language (except strictly interpretive languages) comes with a compiler. In effect, the compiler is the language, because it defines which instructions are acceptable. Because compilers translate source code into object code , which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the same language. For example, there is a FORTRAN compiler for PCs and another for Apple Macintosh computers. In addition, the compiler industry is quite competitive, so there are actually many compilers for each language on each type of computer. More than a dozen companies develop and sell C compilers for the PC
  2. A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular program ming language and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses. Typically, a program mer writes language statements in a language such as Pascal or C one line at a time using an editor. This file contains what is called the source statements. The program mer then runs the appropriate language compiler, specifying the name of the file that contains the source statements. When executing (running), the compiler first parses (or analyzes) all of the language statements syntactically one after the other and then, in one or more successive stages or "passes", builds the output code, making sure that statements that refer to other statements are referenced correctly in the final code. Traditionally, the output of the compilation has been called object code or sometimes an object module. (Note that the term "object" here is not related to object-oriented program ming.) The object code is machine code that the processor can process or "execute" one instruction at a time.

    More recently, the Java program ming language, an object-oriented language, has introduced the possibility of compiling output (called byte code) that can run on any computer system platform for which a Java virtual machine or byte code interpreter is provided to convert the byte code into instructions that can be executed by the actual hardware processor. Using this virtual machine , the byte code can optionally be recompiled at the execution platform by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Traditionally in some operating system s, an additional step was required after compilation - that of resolving the relative location of instructions and data when more than one object module was to be run at the same time and they cross-refered to each other's instruction sequences or data . This process was sometimes called linkage editing and the output known as a load module.

    A compiler works with what are sometimes called 3GL, 4GL, and 5GL languages. An assembler works on program s written using a processor's assembler language.
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

composition agnostic

  1. ASF is "agnostic" as to any particular codec (like MPEG), communication protocol (like HTTP, RTP, or multicast IP), or media composition frame work (like MPEG-4 or Dynamic HTML). But ASF is intended to support all of these, and more.

    A composition-agnostic system such as ASF can be remarkably efficient for storing any media, regardless of whether it has composition associated with it or not.

    see platform neutral

  1. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper


compositional information

  1. The actual audio , video , still, and other media data makes up only part of the information involved in authoring. There is also compositional information , which describes how sections of audio , video or still images are combined and modified. Given the many creative decisions involved in composing the separate elements into a final presentation, interchanging compositional information as well as media data is extremely desirable, especially when using a diverse set of authoring tools. AAF includes a rich base set of media effects (such as transitions or chroma-key effects), which can be used to modify or transform the media in a composition. These effects use the same binary plug-in model used to support codecs, media handle rs or other digital processes to be used to process the media to create the desired impact.

  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification


compound document

  1. The document is captured as a combination of image and format ted or unformatted text .
  2. In information technology, a compound document is an organized collection of user interfaces that form a single integrated perceptual environment. A compound document includes a data structure that contains different data types , such as text, audio files, and motion video files. A compound document is also an application environment containing program objects that can be interlinked and interacted with by a user . Compound document s can be formed of information parts that origin ate from different sources and that are assembled "on the fly." Microsoft's new Internet Explorer desktop was developed using the compound document concept. Microsoft's OLE is a frame work for assembling and managing compound document s. OpenDoc is an alternative standard.
  3. An alphanumeric file that has more than one element (text, graphics, voice, video ) mixed together. A digital electronic image that is recognized by OCR is a compound document .
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

  3. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions
compound document 2

  1. A single document containing multiple, heterogeneous data types , each created, presented and edited by its own software . A compound document is made up of parts.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


compound document access

  1. Compound document s are document s that contain both textually and other forms of encoded information , including image (see 3.3.4). Techniques are being
    developed for expanding the concept of text searching to searching of full compound document s, including those containing image objects [30]. A full glossary
    of such techniques, however, is premature and beyond the scope of this document .

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


compression

  1. Compression refers to the extent to which the encoded form of the preserved or reformatted document has been modified to reduce the amount of storage space required by the storage medium. The technique takes advantage of the great redundancy that is present in much recorded data , particularly in image document s (3.1.5.1). Savings of storage of factors of ten or more may readily be achieved depending upon the scanning resolution and methodology employed (3.2.3), the type of material being scanned, and the particular compression method used. Although without compression the storage requirements grow rapidly as the square of the scanning resolution (3.2.3), with effective compression methods the storage requirements can be constrained to grow almost linearly with the scanning resolution . This is because advantage is taken of the greater data redundancy accruing from the increase of scanning resolution --compression effectively eliminates or reduces this data redundancy. Thus, the greater the redundancy of information contained in the scanned material, the more compression is possible--continuous tone photographs, for example, often contain large amounts of redundant information . Compression is an important factor in the economics and efficacy of digital preservation .

    see data compression
  2. Compression (imaging) An image processing method of saving valuable disk and memory space by reducing the amount of space required to save a digital image. The graphics data is rewritten so that it is represented by a smaller set of data . Not to be confused with encoding. See also lossless and lossy compression.
  3. Compression is the process of reducing the number of bit s required to represent information by removing redundancy. In the case of information content such as video and audio it is usually necessary to extend this process by removing in addition information that is not redundant but is considered less important. Reconstruction from the compressed bit stream thus leads to the addition of distortions or Òartifacts.Ó Compression for video and audio is therefore not normally lossless.
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Imaging Dictionary

  3. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material
compression 2

  1. Also see data compression . The process of reducing the number of byte s required for digitized image storage and transmission by "removing" unused white space from an image such as common business document s, printed pages, and engineering drawings.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


compression algorithm s

  1. The formula by which digital data sets are compressed.

    see alogorithm

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


compression ratio

  1. The ratio of a file's uncompressed size over its compressed size.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


computer workstation

  1. A device capable of supporting the creation, storage, access , distribution, or presentation of digital electronic document s (1.1.6), ranging from special purpose devices such as electronic typewriters through microcomputers to high-performance engineering or desktop publishing workstations or even large mainframe computers. They may vary considerably in performance, as typically measured by the computer's internal processing speed, storage capacity, and ability to move data between its various devices. The traditional distinction between a personal computer (PC) and a high-performance workstation is blurring, and the term workstation is generically used to cover both.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


Computer-Output Microfilm (COM)

  1. The capability to directly produce microfilm ed images from computer-generated signals; the conversion of electronic pulses into light beams.

    see digital -to-analog

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


concrete format

  1. The container format must fully define the concrete details of the container (where the bit s go), not just an API. The specification s must be clear and complete enough to ensure that developers who implement the format can interoperate.

  1. Bento Specification


conditional access

  1. A means of allowing system user s to access only those services that are authorised to them.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


container

  1. Containers All Bento objects are stored in containers. Bento knows very little about a container beyond the objects in it. However, the container always contains a distingushed object, and application s can add arbitrary properties to that object, so application s can specify further information about the container if they wish. Containers are often files, but they can also be many other forms of storage. For example, in various application s developers already support the following types of containers: blocks of memory, the clipboard , network messages, and Bento values . Undoubtedly other types of containers will be useful as well.

    see wrapper
  2. An object container is just some form of data storage or transmission (such as a file, a piece of RAM, or an inter-application message) that is used to hold one or more objects (both their metadata and their values ). Bento containers are defined by a set of rules for storing multiple objects in a such a container, so that software that understands the rules can find the objects , figure out what kind of objects they are, and use them correctly. This is basically a simple idea, and Bento is a simple format . However, it was tricky to design, because it has to accomodate an enormous variety of different kinds of objects , different
    ways that application s want to use objects , and system considerations about how data can be stored.
    Bento is intended to provide a container definition that can conveniently, efficiently, and reliably hold all the different kinds of objects that user s and application s want to group together, store, and exchange. Bento does not define how any given object is structure d internally, because there are already a very large number of different object format s around today, and we are still inventing new ones. Objects stored in an Bento container can have proprietary or standard format s, they can be designed to use the Bento mechanisms or they can be completely ignorant of the the existance of Bento.
  3. The result of the Warwick Workshop is a proposal for a container architecture , known as the Warwick
    Framework. The frame work is a mechanism for aggregating logically, and perhaps concretely (through
    the use of specific data structure s), distinct packages of metadata . This is a modularization of the
    metadata issue with a number of notable characteristics.
    · It allows the designers of individual metadata sets to focus on their specific requirements and to
    work within their specific areas of expertise, without concerns for generalization to ultimately
    unbounded scope.
    · It allows the syntax of metadata sets to vary in conformance with semantic requirements,
    community practices, and functional (processing) requirements for the kind of metadata in
    question.
    · It distributes management of and responsibility for specific metadata sets among their respective
    "communities of expertise".
    · It promotes interoperability and extensibility by allowing tools and agents to selectively access
    and manipulate individual packages and ignore others.
    · It permits access to different metadata sets related to the same object to be separately controlled.
    · It flexibly accommodates future metadata sets by not requiring changes to existing sets or the
    programs that make use of them.
  1. Bento Specification


container 2

  1. 1) In Sun Microsystems' JavaBeans component architecture and in Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM), a container is an application program or subsystem in which the program building block known as a component is run. For example, a component - such as a button or other graphical user interface or a small calculator or data base requestor - can be developed using JavaBeans that can run in Netscape container s such as browser s and in Microsoft container s such as Internet Explorer, Visual Basic, and Word. 2) In the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) Interface Repository, a hierarchy for metadata , a Container is one of three abstract superclasses (along with IRObject, and Contained).
  2. container (1) An object that holds other objects . A folder is an example of a container object. (2) A holder of persistent data (documents); part of the OpenDoc container suite. (3) A container is specified in an object specifier record by a keyword-specified descriptor record with the keyword keyAEContainer. The keyword-specified descriptor record is usually another object specifier record. It can also be a null descriptor record. The objects a container contains can be either elements or properties.
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Ibm Programming Guide

container suite

  1. A document storage architecture , built on top of a platform 's native file system, that allows for the creation, storage, and retrieval of compound document s. A container suite is implemented as a set of OpenDoc classes: container s, document s, drafts, and storage units.

    See Bento.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


content component

  1. Each individual item, either Essence or Metadata, is called a Content Component Ð for example, a block of audio samples, or a timecode word. A Wrapper contains some number of Content Components, built into a logical structure .

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


content element

  1. A Content Element (CE) consists only of Essence of a single type, plus any Metadata directly related only to that Essence Ð for example, the blocks of samples of a video signal plus the Format Metadata describing the sample structure plus the Descriptive Metadata identifying the origin of the signal. An exception to this definition is when a Content Element can be generated entirely from Metadata, without the need for Essence Ð for example, an encoded subtitle. Types of Essence include Video, Audio, Graphics, Still Images, Text, and other sensor data as needed by each application .

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


content information (ci)

  1. That set of information that is the primary target for preservation . It is distinguished from Preservation Description Information which is used to assist in the preservation of the Content Information. An example of Content Information could be a single table of numbers representing, and understandable as, temperatures but it excludes the document ation which would explain its history and origin , how it relates to other observations, etc.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


content item

  1. A Content Item (CI) consists of a collection of one or more Content Elements, plus any Metadata directly related to the Content Item itself or required to associate the component parts (Content Elements) together Ð for example, a video clip.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


content neutral

  1. The container format must store any kind of content efficiently, and must not be biased toward any particular kind of content. The container itself should be clearly separated from the content, so that the same software can be used to access the container regardless of what kind of content it holds.
  2. Content neutral The container format must store any kind of content efficiently, and must not be biased toward any particular kind of content. The container itself should be clearly sepa-rated from the content, so that the same software can be used to access the container regardless of what kind of content it holds.
  1. Bento Specification


content package

  1. A Content Package (CP) consists of a collection of one or more Content Items or Content Elements, plus any Metadata directly related to the Content Package itself or required to associate the component parts (Content Items and Content Elements) together Ð for example, a program composed of video plus audio plus subtitles plus description.
  2. A content package is a collection of separate MPEG streams that represent the content of a title
    (including audio and video ) at various playback speeds.
    There are two types of files that together describe each of the (potentially) multiple bit streams that
    make up a content package:

    the data file containing the MPEG-encoded data ;
    the index file that contains information on how a specific data file is related to the rest of the
    content.

    In addition to a data file/index file pair for each bit stream, a content package contains a single
    Table of Contents (TOC) file. The TOC file contains information on each of the bit streams in the
    content package.
  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

  2. Sun Microsystems: Creating A Content Package

content provider

  1. one who owns or is licensed to sell content.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


content ratings

  1. This is a description of attributes of an object within a multidimensional scaled rating scheme as assigned by some rating authority; an example might be the suitability of the content for various audiences, similar to the well-know movie rating systems used by the MPAA. The technical subcommittee of PICS 9 (Platform for Internet Content Selection) in the IETF is an effort to create a frame work for defining such content ratings. Note that content ratings have application s far beyond simple filtering on sex and violence levels, however; they are likely to play important roles in future collaborative filtering systems, for example.

  1. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata


content-information

  1. information that does not alter the state of the object intercepting the information flow, e.g., audio , video , or data in a television program that is processed transparently by a television receiver (the control state of the receiver will not change as a result of such information )

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


context information

  1. Information that document s the relationships of the Content Information to its environment. This includes why the Content Information was created, and how it relates to other Content Information objects existing elsewhere.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


control plane (cp)

  1. a classification for objects that interact to establish, maintain, and release resources and provide session , transport, and connection control functions that facilitate transparent information transfers between ISP clients.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


control systems

  1. Control systems are designed to allow the owners of valued data assets to institute means of checking, regulating, supervising, verifying and, if necessary, restraining access to and uses of those assets . Having the ability to control a data asset is a pre-requisite to conducting transactions related to it. As transactions produce revenues it is in this area that most work is focused.

  1. Tools And Standards For Protection, Control And Presentation Of Data


conversion

  1. The process of preparing document s, capturing, and indexing current files for use on an imaging system.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


copyright

  1. Copyright refers to a means of legal protection provided to the author(s) of origin al published and unpublished works that have been "fixed in a tangible form
    of expression," in order to afford such authors the exclusive right of exploitation, in particular the right to control the reproduction, distribution, performance,
    or display of the work, or to control the preparation of derivative works. [17] Often, exploitation of the work by others requires the consent of the author(s)
    and the payment of a royalty to the author(s), usually in the form of a fixed sum of money for each copy made, shown, or distributed.

    For works copyrighted in the United States after January 1, 1978, protection afforded to the author(s) or the author(s)' estate is usually for the author(s)'
    lifetime plus 50 years. For works created prior to that date, the copyright period was 28 years from the date of publication (or the date of registration of
    copyright for unpublished works), plus an additional period of 47 years for works whose copyright was renewed during the last year of the first term.

    Works published in the United States may be afforded protection in countries that were members of the Universal Copyright Convention or of the Berne
    Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Conversely, works published in such member countries are protected within the United States.

    Most works that are the subject of preservation interest were published before 1978. The copyrights on the majority of those works were not renewed for the optional second term. Thus, the copyrights have expired on most of the works of current preservation interest that were subject to United States copyright protection . However, since this is not true of all such works, the normal practice is to check copyright ownership to verify clearance.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


cross-compiler

  1. A compiler that runs on one computer but produces object code for a different type of computer. Cross compiler s are used to generate software that can run on computers with a new architecture or on special-purpose devices that cannot host their own compiler s.

  1. Pcwebopedia


cross-platform

  1. The underlying hardware or software for a system. For example, the platform might be an Intel 80486 processor running DOS Version 6.0. The platform could also be UNIX machines on an Ethernet network. The platform defines a standard around which a system can be developed. Once the platform has been defined, software developers can produce appropriate software and managers can purchase appropriate hardware and application s. The term is often used as a synonym of operating system . The term cross-platform refers to application s, format s, or devices that work on different platform s. For example, a cross-platform program ming environment enables a program mer to develop program s for many platform s at once.

  1. Pcwebopedia


custody

  1. Guardianship, or control, of records, including both physical possession (physical custody) and legal responsibility (legal custody), unless one or the other is specified.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


data

  1. The representation forms of information . Examples of data include a sequence of bit s, a table of numbers, the characters on a page, the sounds made by a person speaking, a moon rock.
  2. (1) In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process. Relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is information converted into binary or digital form. 2) In computer component interconnection and network communication, data is often distinguished from "control information ," "control bit s," and similar terms to identify the main content of a transmission unit. 3) In telecommunications, data sometimes means digital ly-encoded information to distinguish it from analog -encoded information such as conventional telephone voice calls. In general, "analog" or voice transmission requires a dedicated continual connection for the duration of a related series of transmissions. Data transmission can often be sent with intermittent connections in packets that arrive in piecemeal fashion.
  3. A general term used to denote any or all facts, numbers or letters and symbol s that refer to or describe an object, idea, condition, situation or other factors. It connotes basic elements of information which can be processed or produced by a computer.
  1. Reference Model For An Oais

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

  3. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions
data compression

  1. Reducing the amount of electronic "space" data takes up when stored or processed. Methods include replacing blank spaces with a character count, or replacing redundant data with shorter stand-in "codes". no matter how data is compressed, it must be decompressed before it can be processed or printed.

    see compression

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


data dictionary

  1. A formal repository of terms used to describe data .
  2. An organized collection of information about the definition, structure , and use of data in an organization.
  3. A data dictionary is a collection of descriptions of the data objects or items in a data model for the benefit of program mers and others who might need to refer to them. A first step in analyzing a system of objects with which user s interact is to identify each object and its relationship to other objects . This process is called data modeling and results in a picture of object relationships. After each data object or item is given a descriptive name, its relationship is described (or it becomes part of some structure that implicitly describes relationship), the type of data (such as text or image or binary value) is described, possible predefined values are listed, and a brief textual description is provided. This collection can be organized for reference into a book called a data dictionary. When developing program s that use the data model, a data dictionary can be consulted to understand where a data item fits in the structure , what values it may contain, and basically what the data item means in real-world terms. For example, a bank or group of banks could model the data objects involved in consumer banking. They could then provide a data dictionary for a bank's program mers. The data dictionary would describe each of the data items in its data model for consumer banking (for example, "Account holder" and ""Available credit").
  1. Reference Model For An Oais

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

  3. Whatis.com Inc.
data encapsulation

  1. At its most basic level, AAF encapsulates and identifies media data to allow application s to identify the format used to store data . This makes it unnecessary to provide a separate mechanism to identify the format of the data . For example, AAF can encapsulate and label WAV audio data and RGB video data .

    see encapsulation

  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification


data file

  1. The term Data File is used generically to denote a document consisting of a collection of data , normally organized in some logical fashion so as to facilitate access . Such data may consist of factual information , statistics, numbers, textual, or composite records to be used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. An entity within a data file is known as a record. A collection of data files is sometimes known as a data bank, particularly when the data files are electronically encoded. Although data files may be encoded in any media, the term has most often come to be used in connection with data files that are electronically encoded and stored in digital electronic form.
  2. In electronic records : (1) An organized collection of data , usually arranged in logical record s that are stored together and treated as a unit by a computer. (2) Related numeric, textual, or graphic information that is organized in a strictly prescribed form and format . Used in contrast to text document s that may be recorded on electronic media. See also TEXT DOCUMENTS.
  3. Data file. A stream of bit s, octets, or byte s treated as a unit. For example, in stock control, a file could consist of a set of invoice records.
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

  3. Automated Interchange Of Technical Information
data format ting

  1. the process of creating a structure d representation of the unformatted usage records using a pre-defined format

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


data integrity

  1. the fact that data are not modified.
  2. Refers to the validity of data . Data integrity can be compromised in a number of ways: Human errors when data is entered Errors that occur when data is transmitted from one computer to another Software bugs or viruses Hardware malfunctions, such as disk crashes Natural disasters, such as fires and floods There are many ways to minimize these threats to data integrity. These include: Backing up data regularly Controlling access to data via security mechanisms Designing user interfaces that prevent the input of invalid data Using error detection and correction software when transmitting data
  1. Digital Audio-visual Council

  2. Pcwebopedia

data networks

  1. A Data Network is a communications network that transports data between and among computers and computer workstation s (network nodes). Such
    networks may depend upon different physical media to transport the encoded digital signals (twisted pair copper wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, satellite,
    and so forth); different protocols to encode the signals; and different ways in which the encoded signals are interpreted for use in application s. They also
    include bridges, routers, and gateways for connecting different media and for translating one protocol into another. Data networks vary considerably in speed
    and capacity, depending upon the physical media, the protocols used, and the particular architecture of the network. Network speeds and other performance
    characteristics appear to be more than doubling every two to three years.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


data object

  1. Either a Physical Object or a Digital Object.
  2. The Data Object contains all the multimedia data of an ASF file. This data is stored in the form of ASF data units. Each ASF Data Unit is of variable length, and contains data for only one media stream. Data units are sorted within the Data Object based on the time at which they should be delivered (send time). This sorting results in an interleaved data format .
  1. Reference Model For An Oais

  2. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper

data objects

  1. Data Objects are document objects consisting of factual information normally arranged into data files (1.2.10) or table s (1.2.10.1) which are used as a basis for
    reasoning, discussion, or calculation.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


data origin authentication

  1. proof that the identity of the source of data received is correct.

    see integrity

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


data types

  1. In program ming, classification of a particular type of information . It is easy for humans to distinguish between different types of data . We can usually tell at a glance whether a number is a percentage, a time, or an amount of money. We do this through special symbol s -- %, :, and $ -- that indicate the data 's type. Similarly, a computer uses special internal codes to keep track of the different types of data it processes. Most program ming languages require the program mer to declare the data type of every data object, and most data base systems require the user to specify the type of each data field. The available data types vary from one program ming language to another, and from one data base application to another, but the following usually exist in one form or another:

    integer : In more common parlance,
    whole number; a number that has no
    fractional part.
    floating-point : A number with a decimal point. For
    example, 3 is an integer, but 3.5 is a floating-point
    number.
    character (text ): Readable text

    see objects
  2. A data type in a program ming language is a variable with predefined characteristics. For example, a variable amount of money might be predefined as: "a monetary unit symbol followed by a decimal integer expressing monetary units followed by a period followed by two digits expressing the value to one one-hundredth of the unit." Traditionally, a limited number of such data types would come built-into a language. With object-oriented program ming, the program mer can create new data types to meet application needs. Such an exercise as known as "data abstraction" and the result is a new class of data . Such a class can draw upon the "built-in" data types such as number integers and characters. For example, a class could be created that would abstract the characteristics of a purchase order. The purchase order data type would contain the more basic data types of numbers and characters and could also include other objects defined by another class. The purchase order data type would have all of the inherent services that a program ming language provided to its built-in data types .
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

database

  1. large compilation of information that can be immediately access ed and operated upon by a computer data processing system. Any organized collection of data , gathered and stored in a computer.
  2. In electronic records , a set of data , consisting of at least one file or of a group of integrated files, usually stored in one location and made available to several user s at the same time for various application s.
  3. 1) A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data . You can think of a database as an electronic filing system. Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is a single piece of information ; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. For example, a telephone book is analog ous to a file. It contains a list of records, each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and telephone number. An alternative concept in database design is known as Hypertext. In a Hypertext database, any object, whether it be a piece of text, a picture, or a film , can be linked to any other object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information , but they are not designed for numerical analysis. To access information from a database, you need a database management system (DBMS). This is a collection of program s that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a database. (2) Increasingly, the term database is used as shorthand for database management system.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

  3. Pcwebopedia
DDB

  1. Device Dependent Bitmap. A Window image specification which depends on the capabilities of a specific graphics display controller. Since a DDB is matched to the current graphics controller, it is fast and easy to display since large blocks of its memory need only be copied to the controller.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


decimal filing system

  1. A system for classifying records by subject, developed in units of 10 and coded for arrangement in numerical order.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


decoder

  1. A device or program that translates encoded data into its origin al format (e.g., it decodes the data ). The term is often used in reference to MPEG-2 video and sound data , which must be decoded before it is output. Most DVD players, for example, include a decoder card whose sole function is to decode MPEG data . It is also possible to decode MPEG data in software , but this requires a powerful microprocessor.

  1. Pcwebopedia


decompression

  1. When an image or other digital data set is compressed and stored, it is not usable until it is decompressed into it origin al form.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


deep / long-term archiving

  1. In a deep archive , content and all associated metadata will be stored in the archive , although only the metadata and browse mode images may be readily access ed for archive browsing. Depending on the deep archive requirements, the content may be subjected to a further compression process such as MPEG-2 MP@ML using a low bit rate.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


device dependent

  1. Software that was written to work on a specific set of hardware platform s. Since these routines make use of physical device attributes, that may not exist or
    that may behave differently on other devices, they will most often not work on other devices. See device independent and DIB.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


device driver

  1. A set of low-level software routines which work with and control a specific hardware device. The names and functions are often standardized across many similar devices. This allows higher level software to use the hardware as a generic device. This frees the higher level software from dealing with the particulars of the specific devices and allows device to be interchanged easily.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


device independent

  1. Software or data structure s that have been designed specifically to work with or on a wide set of hardware platform s. See device dependent and DIB.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


DIB

  1. Device Independent Bitmap is a Windows defined image format specification . It is called device independent because of its straightforward, common-denominator, format . It has all the information that a basic digital image needs and is laid out in a simple specification that is easy to get at. Its simplicity makes it an ideal format for holding images that need to be shared by several program s.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


digital

  1. of or relating to the technology of computers and data communications wherein all information is encoded as "bits" (0 or 1) that represent on or off states. A digital signal transmits data in discrete or discontinuous operations. Contrast with "analog."
  2. Representing data as discrete variables in the form of numerical characters, as in a digital clock or a digital computer. See also ANALOG, COMPUTER.
  3. A type of transmission that encodes a discrete value (e.g., "0" or "1") for each unit of information being encoded. (Compare with "analog.")
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

digital 2

  1. Use of binary code to record information . "Information" can be text in a binary code, e.g. ASCII, or images in bit -mapped form, or sound in a sampled digital form, or video . NOTE: Recording information digital ly has many advantages over its analog counterpart, mainly ease in manipulation and accuracy in transmission.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


digital archive

  1. a digital library which is intended to be maintained for a long time, i.e. periods longer than individual human lives and certainly longer than individual technological epochs. (Sometimes formerly also "digital research library.")
  2. The Task Force envisions the development of a national system of digital archive s, which it defines as repositories of digital information that are collectively responsible for the long-term access ibility of the nationÕs social, economic, cultural and intellectual heritage instantiated in digital form. Digital archive s are distinct from digital libraries in the sense that digital libraries are repositories that collect and provide access to digital information , but may or may not provide for the long-term storage and access of that information .


see digital library
  1. Glossary Of Preservation Terms In The Electronic Environment

  2. Task Force On Archiving Digital Information

digital electronic

  1. Whichever technology is used for storage (3.3.1), digital technologies may usually be used as the medium of distribution, as contrasted with using delivery
    services (3.5.2) to deliver the document . Paper, for example, can be scanned and transmitted by FAX (3.5.3) or across data networks (3.5.5). The only
    exception to this at this time is video , which is normally distributed by analog electronic distribution networks (as opposed to digital --see 1.1.6), because of
    the high information capacity (bandwidth) required. As the bandwidth of data networks grows, however, it is anticipated by many technologists that analog
    transmission will yield to digital transmission even for video recordings. Films, too, are often transmitted by converting them to video recordings (with some
    loss of quality at this time), and transmitting them across analog video networks.
  2. A family of storage device s where information or data are represented by a series of quantized changes to the surface of the storage medium, where such quanta are recorded or modified using electronic means. There are two main classes in this category: magnetic devices where, in recording, the magnetic state of a coated surface is altered by the electronic digital signal, and, in reading, the surface is sensed using reading heads conceptually similar to those used in common tape recorders; and optical devices where the optical properties of a coated surface are altered (in one such technology, submicrometer-sized holes are recorded and read by laser beams focused by electronic means onto the area of the spot). The recorded quanta normally corresponds to a recorded "I" or a recorded "0", that is, of bit s (derived from "binary digits"), all data and information being constructed from these basic building blocks.

    Such devices are further classified according to whether they are read/write devices (that is, information may be written onto the device and read from the
    device, and the information can be modified as many times as desired), read only memory (ROM) devices (that is, prerecorded information can be read from
    the device, but the information cannot be modified), or write-once-read-many (WORM) devices (that is, information may be written once by the consumer
    onto the device, but thereafter it can only be read). Most optical devices are either read only or WORM devices, but a class of devices that combine both
    magnetic and optical technologies (magneto-optical devices) are indeed read/write devices.

    Typically, magnetic devices are of higher performance in terms of access time to a given segment of recorded information and transfer time of such access ed
    information to the host device. Optical devices, however, are generally more economic in terms of storage capacity. Magnetic technologies have a longer
    history than optical technologies, and more is known about their useful life , for example (see 3.3). Both technologies seem to be following similar
    cost/performance curves with performance parameters doubling in capability approximately every two to three years (except for access times which are
    improving much more slowly), and cost per bit halving about every two to three years.

    Both devices are further classified as to whether they are random access devices (such as disk storage device s) or serial access devices (such as tape storage
    devices). With random access devices, information stored at any point can be directly access ed (much as is accomplished by placing the playing-arm of a
    phonograph at any point on the phonograph record); with serial access devices, information can only be access ed by passing through information that may be
    recorded ahead of it on the medium (as in winding through a tape on a tape recorder to arrive at a particular passage).
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Council On Preservation And Access

digital electronic technologies

  1. Digital Electronic Technologies [8] are technologies used to capture (3.2.3), store (3.3.1.6), transform (3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.2, 3.3.4), distribute (3.5.1.6) or present (3.6.1.6, 3.6.2.6, 3.6.2.7) information in quantized electronic form (normally as a sequence of O's and l's known as bit s). Digital, in which information is quantized discretely, is to be contrasted with Analog, in which information is not quantized but maintained in a continuous format . [9] A video recording (1.1.3), is an example of an electronic technology that is analog [10].

    For a variety of reasons, digital technologies are gradually replacing analog technologies. Reasons of importance to this Glossary are the convertibility of
    digital technologies among each other and into and from other technologies (such as paper and voice), so that digital technologies become a kind of lingua franca of communication and storage; and the ease of transmission of information by digital technologies across networks (3.5.5) to facilitate communication at a distance.

    Original document s that are of concern for library preservation purposes are not normally encoded in a digital electronic medium. [11] Since this may become a
    subject of future concern, the category is included for completeness. Definitions, however, are more appropriately included under Storage Technology Medium
    (3.3.1.6).

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


digital envelope

  1. A digital "container" that surrounds an image with information (or metadata ). Such information might be used to find the image, guarantee its authenticity, or limit access to authorized user s.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


digital image

  1. An image composed of bit s and byte s.
  2. Digital images are "electronic photographs" that can accurately render the
    information, layout, and presentation of origin al document s, including
    typeface, annotations, and illustrations. High fidelity to the source
    material can be obtained in digital images, which can be displayed on-screen
    or used to produce paper and film copies, or transmitted over networks to
    researchers around the world. The main drawback to digital images today is
    that they are"dumb" files, not processible data that can be manipulated for
    searching and indexing purposes.
  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  2. Conversion Of Traditional Source Materials Into Digital Form

digital library

  1. an organized data base of digital information objects in varying format s maintained to provide unmediated ease of access to a user community, with these further characteristics: an overall access tool (e.g. a catalog ) provides search and retrieval capability over the entire data base; organized technical procedures exist through which the library management adds objects to the data base and removes them according to a coherent and access ible collections policy.

  2. Digital archive s are distinct from digital libraries in the sense that digital libraries are repositories that collect and provide access to digital information , but may or may not provide for the long-term storage and access of that information .

see digital archive
  1. Glossary Of Preservation Terms In The Electronic Environment

  2. Task Force On Archiving Digital Information

digital media data

  1. Digital data stored in a file. It can be either data that was digitized, such as video frame data and audio samples, or data created in digital form, such as title graphics or animation frame s. It can be stored in either a Media Data object or a raw data file.

  1. Open Media Framework


digital object

  1. An object composed of a set of bit sequences.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


digital object identifier

  1. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI), being developed for the Association of American Publishers (AAP) by RR Bowker and the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) is both an identifier and a routing system. It is a URN-compatible system similar in concept to the PURL (see above), designed to provide a persistent way of identifying and linking to electronic document s and their constituent parts.

    see unique identifier
    see globally unique names
  2. A DOI (digital object identifier) is a permanent identifier given to a Web file or other Internet document so that if its Internet address changes, user s will be redirected to its new address. You submit a DOI to a centrally-managed directory and then use the address of that directory plus the DOI instead of a regular Internet address. The DOI system was conceived by the Association of American Publishers in partnership with the Corporation for National Research Initiatives and is now administered by the International DOI Foundation. Essentially, the DOI system is a scheme for Web page redirection by a central manager. Initially, the only central directory is the one maintained by the DOI Foundation. It's envisioned, however, that other directories might be created and maintained, perhaps by each major industry. Here's what a typical DOI might look like:
    10.1002/ISBNJ0-471-58064-3
    In this example, the "10.1002" identifies the directory and the part after the "/" is the rest of the DOI - in this case, the ISBN number of a particular book that has been published. The "-3" indicates a specific part or chapter in the book. The DOI would be associated with a specific Web page or URL in the directory. If you wanted to link to the document in a Web page, you would link to this URL: http://www.doi.org/10.1002/ISBNJ0-471-58064-3 Here, "www.doi.org" happens to be the current and only directory manager. A user clicking on this link would be linking to the directory page which in turn would locate and send back the URL associated with the DOI. Assuming the directory was up-to-date, the page owner and the user could both be sure that the latest page would be returned. Early user s of the DOI system are principally major publishers with thousands of document s to keep track of, many available on the Web. Relocating files from time to time for such a large number of document s would require many link changes on the publisher's site and perhaps a redirection page for user s. With the DOI system, any future location change will require only updating the central directory and will not affect other site's links (if they also use the DOI in their link).
  1. Unique Identifiers: A Brief Introduction

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

digital preservation

  1. preservation of artifactual information by digitizing its image (e.g. scanning a manuscript page, digital ly photographing a vase, or converting a cylinder recording to digital form).
    see archive s
  2. The preservation of digital information can be seen as one of the greatest challenges for the library and information professions at the end of the twentieth-century [6] [7]. It is easy to get caught-up in the general enthusiasm for digital libraries but more consideration needs to be given to the problem of making this information available to future generations. Useful work has been published by the US Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA), including an important report by a Task Force on the Archiving of Digital Information (TFADI) jointly commissioned with the Research Libraries Group [8].
  1. Glossary Of Preservation Terms In The Electronic Environment

  2. Extending Metadata For Digital Preservation

digital recording

  1. A recording in which binary numbers are written to the tape that represent quantized versions of the voltage signals from the recording microphone or the video camera. On playback, the numbers are read and processed by a digital -to-analog converter to produce an analog output signal.

  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


digital time-stamping

  1. One example of how the problem can be solved has been developed by a small group of researchers. They have named their proposal digital time-stamping (DTS).[10] It calls upon the cryptographic technique of one-way hashing and uses the concept of the "widely-witnessed event." DTS is a means of authenticating not only a particular document , but its existence at a specific time. The technique is analog ous to rubber-stamping incoming papers with the date and time they are received. In electronic form, its use is proposed to be by a document 's creator (or other responsible intermediate party) to set up the necessary conditions for later authentication by an eventual user .[11]

  1. Intellectual Preservation: Electronic Preservation Of The Third Kind


digital video

  1. Refers to the capturing, manipulation and storage of video in digital format s. A digital video (DV) camcorder, for example, is a video camera that captures and stores images on a digital medium such as a DAT.

  1. Pcwebopedia


digital-to-analog

  1. The process in which a series of discrete binary integers is converted to a continuous analog signal.
  2. Digital-to-analog conversion is a process in which signals having a few (usually two) defined levels or states (digital) are converted into signals having a theoretically infinite number of states (analog). A common example is the processing, by a modem,of computer data into audio -frequency (AF) tones that can be transmitted over a twisted-pair telephone line. The circuit that performs this function is a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Basically, digital-to-analog conversion is the opposite of analog -to-digital conversion . In most cases, if an analog -to-digital converter (ADC) is placed in a communications circuit after a DAC, the digital signal output is identical to the digital signal input. Also, in most instances when a DAC is placed after an ADC, the analog signal output is identical to the analog signal input. Binary digital impulses, all by themselves, appear as long strings of ones and zeros, and have no apparent meaning to a human observer. But when a DAC is used to decode the binary digital signals, meaningful output appears. This might be a voice, a picture, a musical tune, or mechanical motion. Both the DAC and the ADC are of significance in some application s of DSP (digital signal processing). The intelligibility or fidelity of an analog signal can often be improved by converting the analog input to digital form using a DAC, then clarifying the digital signal, and finally converting the "cleaned-up" digital impulses back to analog form using an ADC.
  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

distribution medium

  1. The Distribution Medium is the medium used to transport the stored encoded document to the presentation or viewing device (3.6.2). The same media that can
    be used for origin al document s (1.1) can also be used as distribution media.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


distribution technology

  1. Distribution Technology refers to the technology used to distribute or deliver the stored encoded document from one point to another. Some form of delivery service may be used, or, if the medium is paper, it may be distributed using point-to-point or distributed FAX. On the other hand, if the medium is digital electronic, then either the document may be converted to paper, by "printing-on-demand" and subsequently distributed using delivery services or FAX, or data networks may be used for distribution to a computer workstation , possibly to be converted to another medium, such as paper, at the point of delivery.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


document

  1. (1) Recorded information regardless of physical form or characteristics. Often used interchangeably with record. (2) An individual record or an item of nonrecord materials or of personal papers
  2. A collection of information that is processed as a unit.
  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


document content

  1. Document Content refers to the substance of the material or information within the document that is intended to be communicated.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


document properties

  1. Document Properties refers to a classification of various components of document s as to their different tonal or color content and as to the types of objects [14]
    they contain. Emphasis is placed on those properties most closely associated with document s produced on paper.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


document reader

  1. (ISO) A character reader whose input is text from specific areas on a given type of form.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


Document Type Definition (DTD)

  1. Rules, determined by an application , that apply Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) to the markup of document s of a particular type. A document type definition includes a formal specification , expressed in a document type declaration, of the element types , element relationships and attributes, and references that can be represented by markup. A DTD thereby defines the vocabulary of the markup for which SGML defines the syntax.
  2. Short for document type definition, a type of file associated with SGML and XML document s that defines how the markup tags should be interpreted by the application presenting the document . The HTML specification that defines how Web pages should be displayed by Web browser s is one example of a DTD. XML promises to expand the format ting capabilities of Web document s by supporting additional DTDs.
  1. Automated Interchange Of Technical Information

  2. Pcwebopedia

domain

  1. a scope that delimits (makes clear what is included and what is not) the extent of influence of one object on another. Domain boundaries may represent regulatory, ownership, span-of-control and other influence factors.
  2. A group of computers and devices on a network that are administered as a unit with common rules and procedures. Within the Internet, domains are defined by the IP address. All devices sharing a common part of the IP address are said to be in the same domain.
  1. Digital Audio-visual Council

  2. Pcwebopedia

downstream

  1. information flow direction is from an End Service Provider System to an End Service Consumer System

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


dropout

  1. Brief signal loss caused by a tape head clog, defect in the tape, debris, or other feature that causes an increase in the head-to-tape spacing. A dropout can also be caused by missing magnetic material. A video dropout generally appears as a white spot or streak on the video monitor. When several video dropouts occur per frame , the TV monitor will appear snowy. The frequent appearance of dropouts on playback is an indication that the tape or recorder is contaminated with debris and/or that the tape binder is deteriorating.

  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


dumping

  1. In electronic records : (1) The process of copying recorded information from internal memory to an external storage medium, such as a magnetic tape or a printout, for backup , analysis, or some other purpose. (2) The process of transferring recorded information from one storage device to another, such as from a disk to a tape

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


Dynamic Data Exchange

  1. In the Windows, OS/2, and (with third-party development kits) other operating system s, DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) allows information to be shared or communicated between program s. For example, when you change a form in your data base program or a data item in a spreadsheet program , they can be set up to also change these forms or items anywhere they occur in other program s you may use. DDE is interprocess communication (IPC) that uses shared memory as a common exchange area and provides application s with a protocol or set of commands and message format s. DDE uses a client/server model in which the application requesting data is considered the client and the application providing data is considered the server .
  2. Acronym for Dynamic Data Exchange, an interprocess communication (IPC) system built into the Macintosh, Windows, and OS/2 operating system s. DDE enables two running application s to share the same data . For example, DDE makes it possible to insert a spreadsheet chart into a document created with a word processor. Whenever the spreadsheet data changes, the chart in the document changes accordingly. Although the DDE mechanism is still used by many application s, it is being supplanted by OLE, which provides greater control over shared data .
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Pcwebopedia

edit decision list

  1. A list of edits made during offline editing and used to direct the online editing of ther master.

  1. Open Media Framework


electronic card catalog

  1. An image data base of approximately six million cards arranged in a single alphabetic sequence from A to Z. It includes materials not only in the Firestone stacks but also in the special libraries and collections inside and outside Firestone Library. The Electronic Card Catalog is access ed at workstations, using a keyboard and a mouse. You can search by author, title, or subject.

  1. Technical Services Department Glossary


Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

  1. The communication or transmission of data as electronic messages according to established rules and format s in order to transact business.
  2. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). The computer-to-computer exchange of format ted,
    transactional information between autonomous organizations.
  3. EDI is the exchange of routine business transactions in machine readable format . It covers many areas including, ordering, pricing, quoting, backordering, shipping, receiving, planning purchases as well as invoicing and payments. There are two competing standards : EDIFACT and ASC X12. ASC X12 and EDIFACT consider their format differences to be minor and are pursuing reconciliation.
  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


  2. Glossary Of Cimi Terms
electronic digitization

  1. Electronic Digitization refers to the capture of the document in electronic form through a process of scanning and digitization. The scanned image is stored electronically, usually on magnetic or optical storage media. The electronically stored image may be further transform ed for reasons such as compression or information interpretation ; and subsequently selected through the use of access technologies, distributed through the use of distribution technologies, or viewed through the use of presentation technologies. When origin ally scanned, or as a result of subsequent transform ations, the document may in whole or in part be stored in image, unformatted text , format ted text, or compound form. The distinction is important insofar as it affects inter alia the extent to which information such as text in the scanned document may be interpreted and used for purposes of information access . An image representation is an electronic pictorial representation composed of dots much like a halftone printed photograph, and no distinction is made between text and other information contained in the document --in other words, the letter "b" is not stored as a character per se, but as a "digital picture" of the letter "b", and the series of numbers stored to represent the picture would be quite distinct among different types tyles used. Text representations, on the other hand, represent text as text, with a specific code used to denote the letter "b" independent of what types tyle is used. Image representations cannot be searched for words or phrases: text representations can. Image representations of text may be converted into format ted or unformatted text representations using OCR or ICR techniques, but with loss of accuracy. In the context of preservation , image representations are likely to dominate, since the cost of transform ing image into text representations with sufficient accuracy may be prohibitively high, at least in the immediate future. Thus full-text searching, for example, is not likely to be a feature of digital ly-preserved document s. This is unlike the situation that exists with document s where the text already exists in digital electronic form, such as if the publisher had preserved the origin al tapes used in types etting. If and when OCR techniques are able to convert image format to text format with sufficient accuracy and performance, then the archive s of digital ly-preserved material in image format can be converted to text format using ICR techniques, provided the origin al material was scanned with sufficiently high resolution . Furthermore, promising research has been done recently on the searching of document s for retrieval purposes using the "corrupted" text derived from the OCR or ICR scanning of image document s at existing levels of OCR/ICR accuracy and performance. The advantage of electronic digitization is that it potentially combines the advantages of photocopying and microform recording while eliminating some of the disadvantages. Paper facsimile s can be produced at will by printing-on-demand on paper, thus eliminating the need for awkward microform readers. Alternatively, the stored images can be reconstructed and viewed at computer workstation s. Furthermore, the stored digital images can be distributed essentially at will across data networks for sharing among institutions. The content of the stored images can also be interpreted at any time for purposes of, say, creating indices for access purposes. Another key advantage is the robust ness of digital encoding. Further copies, including copies made in new format s on other digital electronic storage media for purposes of extending the useful life of the digital copy, can be made without loss of information , as contrasted with photocopying or microform recording. Furthermore, scanned images can be digital ly enhanced to improve the image quality. The disadvantages are that this is a new and relatively untried technology, and the cost and other trade-offs are uncertain at this time. There are also concerns about the useful life of present storage media, both in terms of the physical properties of the media and in terms of the robust ness of the recording format and of the means of access . Some, however, take the view that it will be both functionally and economically imperative in any event to recopy the data from storage medium to storage medium every few years to take advantage of the rapidly declining storage costs and increasing storage capacities of the technology, and that the useful life of a given medium is not the relevant issue.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


electronic document s

  1. Recorded information that is recorded in a form that requires a computer or other machine to process it.
    Includes word processing document s; electronic mail messages; document s released under the Electronic Freedom of Information Act amendments; document s transmitted via Electronic Data Interchange; Internet and intranet postings; numerical and textual spreadsheets and data bases; electronic files; optical images; software ; and information systems.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


electronic preservation

  1. preservation of information that is in digital (that is, electronic) form, i.e. the techniques associated with refreshing , migration and assurance of integrity.

  1. Glossary Of Preservation Terms In The Electronic Environment


electronic records

  1. Records stored in a form that only a computer can process. Also called machine-readable records or ADP records.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


emulation

  1. Emulate: in hardware terms, the creation of software for a computer that reproduces in all essential characteristics (as defined by the problem to be solved) the performance of another computer of a different design. Computers may emulate earlier computers in order to provide backward compatibility, or may emulate a future computer in order to provide a software development environment while the newer computer is still being fabricated. in software preservation terms, the creation of software that analyzes the software environment of a document such that it can provide a user interface to the document that substantially reproduces the essential characteristics of the document as it was created by its origin ating software .
  2. Refers to the ability of a program or device to imitate another program or device. Many printers, for example, are designed to emulate Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printers because so much software is written for HP printers. By emulating an HP printer, a printer can work with any software written for a real HP printer. Emulation tricks the software into believing that a device is really some other device. Communications software packages often include terminal emulation drivers . This enables your PC to emulate a particular type of terminal so that you can log on to a mainframe. It is also possible for a computer to emulate another type of computer. For example, there are program s that enable an Apple Macintosh to emulate a PC.
  3. Recently, Kenneth Harrenstien developed a portable emulator of the PDP-10 which can run the ITS operating system . Use of this emulator would avoid the problem of maintaining the old hardware, but would still require that one know how to use the ITS operating system ; we would have escaped the constraints of old hardware, only to be trapped by old software . Rather than spending the time necessary to maintain an emulator, it would be better for us to spend it translating the data to be saved into a form that can better weather the passage of time. Thus we could eliminate the need for any knowledge of the origin al operating system , instead of continuing to exert ourselves to port the emulator to every new ``industry standard'' platform . Also, if we used such emulators, we would have to maintain one for each operating system we decided was valuable enough to preserve. Emulators increase in complexity as the origin al hardware increases in complexity, so this problem only would get more difficult with time. In conclusion, there would be a serious continuing cost that would have to be addressed if this approach were used.
  1. Glossary Of Preservation Terms In The Electronic Environment

  2. Pcwebopedia

  3. Tape Archiving Using The Time Capsule File System
emulation 2

  1. The imitation of a computer system, performed by a combination of hardware and software , that allows program s to run between incompatible systems.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


encapsulation

  1. the encasing of a document in a clear plastic envelope of which the edges are sealed to provide support and protection for a fragile document while maintaining visibility. Usually preceded by deacidification.
    see data encapsulation
  2. 1) In program ming, the process of combining elements to create a new entity. For example, a procedure is a type of encapsulation because it combines a series of computer instructions. Likewise, a complex data type, such as a record or class, relies on encapsulation. Object-oriented program ming languages rely heavily on encapsulation to create high-level objects . Encapsulation is closely related to abstraction and information hiding.
  3. I have proposed in [11] that the ultimate solution to this problem is to save records (data, document s, etc.) along with the application software that created them, as well as the supporting system software needed to run this application software and a description of the required hardware environment needed to run this entire suite. The hardware description would be used in the future to construct an emulator for the origin al hardware environment: this would be run on whatever computer happens to be available, in order to access the origin al records. Figure 3 shows the factors that must hold true for this approach to work. The entire collection--records, software , and hardware description--would be encapsulated to prevent corruption. This in no way alleviates the media longevity problem: encapsulated records would still have to be copied to fresh media periodically, to avoid loss. It does, however, offer a solution to the software /hardware dependence problem, which has largely been ignored (or dismissed by wishful thinking).
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Pcwebopedia

  3. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity
encoding method

  1. Encoding Method refers to the extent to which the information content of the document has been interpreted and encoded, rather than merely recorded. Such interpretation may be beneficial for a number of reasons including as a means of achieving reversible compression ; for the construction of document indices to facilitate searching and access ; or for efficient distribution of the information across data networks. For example, a document that has been merely scanned as a bit -mapped image has not been encoded, even though faithful "digital pictures" of the pages of the document have been obtained. If the images of the document text are later interpreted through internal character recognition, then the digital representation has been textually encoded.
  2. Encoding: the basis for most data compression methods used in imaging. Transmits numbers describing the length of an image's black and white regions, rather than separately sending each black or white pixel .
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

essence

  1. Program material itself is referred to as Essence. Essence includes all data that represents pictures, sound and text; types of Essence include Video, Audio, Graphics, Still Images, Text, and other sensor data as needed by each application . Essence may be encoded or compressed in whatever way is appropriate. and is typically structure d in packets, blocks, frame s or other groups, which are collectively called Essence Components. The microscopic structure of Essence Components depends on the particular encoding scheme used, which in turn is identified by Format Metadata (see below). Essence typically has the characteristic of a stream, with sequential access whether stored on a file device or streaming device. Stream data will normally be presented in a sequential time dependent manner. Essence stored on a file storage device can be randomly access ible. Essence not having the characteristic of a stream (e.g. graphics, captions, text) may still be presented in a sequential time dependent manner.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


executable file

  1. A file in a format that the computer can directly execute. Unlike source file s, executable files cannot be read by humans. To transform a source file into an executable file, you need to pass it through a compiler or assembler . In DOS systems, executable files have either a.COM or.EXE extension and are called COM files and EXE files, respectively.

  1. Pcwebopedia


extensibility

  1. Any new Wrapper format to be developed is required to be standardized and to have reasonable longevity , of decades or more. It is certain that new Metadata types and Essence format s will be required within the life of any standards document . Therefore, every Wrapper format is required to be extensible in the following ways: By addition of new Essence and Metadata types , By extension or alteration of data syntax and semantics. To achieve maximum backwards compatibility, the addition of new Essence and Metadata types must be achieved without change to the underlying Wrapper data syntax with an efficient but complete document ation process, to ensure that any extensions are equally access ible to all implementations. This will depend upon maintenance of a proper Registry of data identifiers. see unique identifier
  2. One of the fundamental aspects of ASF is its extensibility. Although ASF defines structure s to hold information such as indexing , scalability, and content information , which are necessary for any server to efficiently manipulate the file in basic ways, all of these structure s, and the file format itself, are extensible. Extensibility is accomplished in the following object-oriented way. ASF consists of a sequence of objects . Each object contains a header and a body. The header contains a type field (to identify the object type) and a length field (to specify the length of the object). The body contains type-specific fields, followed by a sequence of zero or more sub-objects. Any object type, or the file format itself, can be extended by adding sub-objects having new types . The type field for an object is always a 128-bit universally unique identifier (UUID). UUIDs can be generated at any time by any computer with a network card, and they are guaranteed to be globally unique. In this way, anyone at any time can generate a new object type, and no central registration is required. A pre-existing server , or any tool that manipulates the file, can safely ignore objects with types that it does not understand. In the event that a pre-existing tool has access to a distributed network registry , it can look up any unrecognized UUIDs, and possibly download code to handle the extension information . In this way, most tools can be automatically upgraded to handle the extension.
  3. The Advanced Authoring Format defines extensible mechanisms for storing metadata and media data . This ensures that AAF will be able to include new media types and media data format s as they become commonly used. The extensibility of the effects model allows ISVs or tool vendors to develop a rich library of new and engaging effects or processes to be utilized with AAF files. The binary plug-in model gives AAF-compliant application s the flexibility to determine when a given effect or codec has been referenced inside of the AAF file, determine if that effect or codec is available, and if not, to find it and load it on demand.
  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

  2. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper

  3. Advanced Authoring Format Specification
facsimile

  1. a reproduction of a document that approximates as nearly as possible the content, form, and appearance of the origin al.
  2. (1) An exact copy of a document , drawing, photograph, or the like. (2) A method or device for transmitting such a copy via telephone or radio for reproduction elsewhere.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

file format

  1. A specification for holding computer data in a disk file. The format dictates what information is present in the file and how it is organized within it.
  2. A format for encoding information in a file. Each different type of file has a different file format . The file format specifies first whether the file is a binary or ASCII file, and second, how the information is organized.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Pcwebopedia

film

  1. Film is a recording medium consisting of thin sheets or strips of transparent or translucent material, such as polyester or acetate, coated with a light-sensitive
    emulsion. Recording occurs by exposing the film to the light emitted or reflected by the entity being recorded. Film is also the medium used for microfilm recording (1.1.2). A photograph (1.2.9.3) is produced using essentially the same technology, except that normally the light- sensitive emulsion is adhered to paper or some other opaque medium.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


finding aid

  1. catalogs, classification schemes, descriptive lists, and indexes of various kinds which have been devised to enable information and materials to be located and retrieved.
  2. A type of Access Aid that allows a user to search for and identify Archival Information Packages of interest.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Reference Model For An Oais

firewall

  1. gateway between two networks that buffers and screens all information that passes between the networks, to block unauthorized access to a network.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


focus ion beam

  1. Focus Ion Beam (FIB) micromilling process for data storage provides a new non-magnetic storage method for archiving large amounts of data . The process stores data on robust materials such as steel, silicon, and gold-coated silicon. The storage process was developed to provide a method to insure the long-term storage life of data .

    The heart of the writer is the ion bean column. A liquid metal (typically gallium) is drawn to the tip of a source under high electric field and is then ionized. Shaping and focusing of the beam is accomplished with well known electrostatic (not magnetic) elements including the apertures, condensers, stigmators, and blanking elements. The resulting current density at the sample surface can be as high as 50 Amps/cm2. Features such as channels and holes can be milled at aspect ratio s approaching 45 at beam spot sizes near 0.5 microns. Alternatively data can be written at higher areal densities using smaller beam spots and lower currents. The minimum spot size achievable in our current system is about 500 angstroms. Using such a beam, channels as small as 770 angstroms have been reproducibly milled. A practical limit of milled features (channel or dot) size for data storage work appears to be about 5 nanometers (50 angstroms) for archival storage, depending on the materials used.

  1. Durable High-density Data Storage


format

  1. The sequential organization of data in terms of its components. Also: A specific arrangement of data .
  2. (1) The shape, size, style, and general makeup of a particular record. (2) In electronic records , the arrangement of data for computer input or output, such as the number and size of data fields in a logical record or the spacing and letter size used in a document . Also called layout. See also FILE LAYOUT, RECORD LAYOUT. (3) In microform records, the placement of microimage s within a given
    microform (image arrangement) or the arrangement of images in relation to the edges of the film (image orientation).
  3. v) (1) To prepare a storage medium, usually a disk, for reading and writing. When you format a disk, the operating system erases all bookkeeping information on the disk, tests the disk to make sure all sectors are reliable, marks bad sectors (that is, those that are scratched), and creates internal address table s that it later uses to locate information. You must format a disk before you can use it. Note that reformatting a disk does not erase the data on the disk, only the address table s. Do not panic, therefore, if you accidentally reformat a disk that has useful data . A computer specialist should be able to recover most, if not all, of the information on the disk. You can also buy program s that enable you to recover a disk yourself. The previous discussion, however, applies only to high-level formats, the type of formats that most user s execute. In addition, hard disks have a low-level format, which sets certain properties of the disk such as the interleave factor. The low-level format also determines what type of disk controller can access the disk (e.g., RLL or MFM). Almost all hard disks that you purchase have already had a low-level format. It is not necessary, therefore, to perform a low-level format yourself unless you want to change the interleave factor or make the disk access ible by a different type of disk controller. Performing a low-level format erases all data on the disk. (2) To specify the properties, particularly visible properties, of an object. For example, word processing application s allow you to format text, which involves specifying the font, alignment, margins, and other properties. (n) A particular arrangement. Almost everything associated with computers has a format.
  1. Reference Model For An Oais

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

  3. Pcwebopedia
format 2

  1. 1) A format (noun, pronounced FOHR-mat) is a preestablished layout for data . Programs accept data as input in a certain format , process it, and provide it as output in the same or another format . All data is stored in some format with the expectation that it will be processed by a program that knows how to handle that format . Generically, data format s tend to fall into bit maps (strings of 0s and 1s) that describe images or sound patterns (or both), text format s (in which usually each byte value is mapped to a character), and numeric data format s (used by spreadsheet and other data base program s). Hard disks and other storage device s are also said to be format ted when their space has been organized and divided into pieces that can be controlled for convenient storage and access . For example, a hard disk may be format ted into areas called sectors, tracks, and clusters.
  2. (1)(ISO) The arrangement or layer of data in or on a data medium or document . (2) In a program ming language, a language construct that specifies the rules for transform ation between internal and character representations of data objects . (3) In text processing, an arrangement of layout of text.
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

formatted text

  1. The character representation of the text also contains sufficient information to describe one or more of font type, font size, or page layout. In this sense,
    formatted text may, if the document segment contains only textual material, represent a form of reversible compression (see 3.3.2.2).

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


frame

  1. A single picture, usually taken from a collection of images such as in a movie or video stream.
  2. Variable-length packet of data used by traditional LANs such as Ethernet and Token Ring as well as WAN services such as X.25 or Frame Relay. An edge switch will take frames and divide them into fixed-length cells using an AAL format . A destination edge switch will take the cells and reconstitute them into frames for final delivery.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

frame buffer

  1. A computer peripheral which is dedicated to storing and sometimes manipulating digital images.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


frame group

  1. A set of embedded frame s that a containing part designates as related, for purposes such as flowing content from one frame to another. Each frame group has its own group ID; frame s within a frame group have a frame sequence.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


frame processes

  1. A class of image processing algorithm s which operate on a single image at a time.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


frame-relay

  1. wide area network technology that provides the ability to interconnect data communications equipment from different vendors to exchange.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


framework

  1. provides an organized environment for running a collection of objects . It also provides tools that let you construct components that are willing to play by the frameworkÕs rules of engagement.
  2. The framework is a mechanism for aggregating logically, and perhaps concretely (through the use of specific data structure s), distinct packages of metadata . This is a modularization of the metadata issue with a number of notable characteristics. It allows the designers of individual metadata sets to focus on their specific requirements and to work within their specific areas of expertise, without concerns for generalization to ultimately unbounded scope. It allows the syntax of metadata sets to vary in conformance with semantic requirements, community practices, and functional (processing) requirements for the kind of metadata in question. It distributes management of and responsibility for specific metadata sets among their respective "communities of expertise". It promotes interoperability and extensibility by allowing tools and agents to selectively access and manipulate individual packages and ignore others. It permits access to different metadata sets related to the same object to be separately controlled. It flexibly accommodates future metadata sets by not requiring changes to existing sets or the program s that make use of them. The separation of metadata sets into packages does not imply that packages are completely semantically distinct. In fact, it is a feature of the Warwick Framework that an individual container may hold packages, each managed and maintained by distinct parties, with complex semantic overlap, recognizing the reality of these scoping problems.
  1. Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide

  2. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata

functional classification

  1. The division of records into categories and subcategories to reflect the program s, activities, and transactions carried out by the organization accumulating the records.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


functional requirements

  1. In electronic records , a description of an organization's computer processing needs to fulfill its responsibilities and to support user s in performing tasks relating to those responsibilities.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


functional specification s

  1. In electronic records , a detailed description of the hardware, software , communications, and human resources needed for an information system to be built, installed, tested, operated, and maintained. Also called specification s.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


GIF

  1. .GIF (file format extension) Graphics Interchange File Format. Format origin ator: CompuServe Inc. 500 Arlington Center Blvd./Columbus, OH 43220. Uses the LZW compression created by Unisys, which requires special licensing. It is the same as the LZW compression used in the TIFF file format , except that the byte s are reversed and the string table is upside-down. All GIF files have a palette. Some GIF files can be interlaced in that the raster lines can appear as every 4 lines, then every 8 lines, then every other line. This is due to GIF files usually being received from a modem.
  2. A widely supported image-storage format promoted by CompuServe that gained early widespread use on on-line services and the Internet.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

globally unique names

  1. Local generation of globally unique names Names of externally meaningful entities (such as types , properties, methods, etc.) must be globally defined across all Bento container s, so that software that depends on understanding the entities can recognize them. However, at the same time, not all such names can be registered, because types , properties, methods, etc. will be developed by very large numbers of ÒcasualÓ developers, such as spreadsheet and stackware program mers, in addition to ÒprofessionalÓ developers who could register their work. Thus, Bento must provide a mechanism for naming types , properties, etc. that can be used by large numbers of developers without registration, and still provide reliably unique names. Registration must still be supported for common names.
    see unique identifier
    see DOI

  1. Bento Specification


graphics interchange format (gif)

  1. connector between various graphics devices that makes all the graphics capability available to any user and that produces the graphical presentation of information to the user .

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


graphics library

  1. A collection of software routines which work on digital images. Such collections usually contain routines for drawing various graphical objects such as lines, circles, and rectangles.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


GUI Graphical User Interface

  1. GUI Graphical User Interface. A computer-user interface which uses graphical objects and a mouse for user interaction. Microsoft Windows is one such GUI. Each program that runs under Windows follows similar conventions.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


half-tone

  1. The reproduction of a continuous-tone image on a device which does not directly support continuous output. This is done by displaying or printing pattern of small dots which from a distance can simulate the desired output color or intensity. These methods are used extensively in magazines and newspapers.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


handle

  1. A handle is used to reference a data object. A handle is a type of pointer but it usually contains, internally, much more information about the referenced object.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


hashing

  1. A hash function is an algorithm which converts any collection of numbers into a single, distinct number (perhaps of a score or a hundred digits) which has no meaning in itself but which will uniquely represent the set of numbers from which it was derived. A one-way cryptographic hash of a document may be created using mathematically complex, but computationally speedy, techniques. The process ensures the uniqueness of the hash and also its non-reproducibility; that is, it is not humanly or computationally feasible to create another document which would result in the same hash. Therefore it is not possible to change the given document and still to preserve its origin al hash. The hashing technique is called "one-way" because the origin al document cannot be recreated if one has only the document 's hash.

  1. Intellectual Preservation: Electronic Preservation Of The Third Kind


header

  1. Technical information packaged with an image file, which may be of use in displaying the image (e.g., length and width in pixel s), identifying the image (e.g., name or source), or identifying the owner.
  2. Additional header information that defines the format s stored in the UPF could be included. In archival terms, it may be necessary to record these definitions to provide decoding of the origin al material.
  3. Of the three top-level ASF objects , the
    Header Object is the only one that contains
    other ASF objects . The header object may
    include many objects including the
    following:

    File Properties Object - global file
    attributes
    Stream Properties Object - defines a
    media stream and its characteristics
    Content Description Object - contains
    all bibliographic information
    Component Download Object -
    provides playback component information
    Stream Groups Object - logically groups media streams
    together
    Scalable Object - defines scalability relationships among media
    streams containing bands
    Prioritization Object - defines relative stream prioritization
    Mutual Exclusion Object - defines exclusion relationships such
    as language selection
    Inter-Media Dependency Object - defines dependency
    relationships among mixed media streams
    Rating Object - defines the Rating of the file in terms of W3C
    PICS
    Index Parameters Object - supplies the information necessary
    to regenerate the index of an ASF file
  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  2. Toward A Universal Data Format For The Preservation Of Media

  3. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper
header 2

  1. (1) System-defined control information that precedes user data . (2) The portion of a message that contains control information for the message, such as one or more destination fields, name of the origin ating station, input sequence number, character string indicating the type of message, and priority level for the message.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


hierarchical system

  1. Any classification system in which records are arranged under primary (first-level) categories and then, as necessary, under secondary (second-level) and further subdivisions.
  2. hierarchy:Êan arrangement of objects in order of rank; some objects in the arrangement are subordinate to others; objects of the same hierarchical rank are peer objects
  1. Federal Records Management Glossary

  2. Digital Audio-visual Council

histogram

  1. A tabulation of pixel value populations usually displayed as a bar chart where the x-axis represents all the possible pixel values and the y-axis is the total image count of each given pixel value. That is, a histogram counts how many pixel s in the image have a given intensity value or range of values . Each histogram intensity value or range of values is called a bin. Each bin contains a positive number which represents the number of pixel s in the image that fall within the bin's range. A typical 8-bit gray-scale histogram contains256 bins. Each bin has a range of a single intensity values . Thus, bin 0 contains the number of pixel s in the image that have a gray-scalevalue of 0 or black. Likewise, bin 255 contains the number of white (255) pixel s. When the collection of bins are sorted (0-255) and charted, the graph displays the intensity distributions of all the images pixel s.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


history

  1. Two types of historical information may be included in the Metadata
    · Derivation history information , which may include any Content used to create the current version of
    the Content, this type of historical information allows the production process to be reversed or
    reproduced with or without modification. This includes any editing history or signal transform ation
    data.
    · Transaction logging, allowing the steps taken to produce the current version of the Content from itÕs
    source material to be traced but not necessarily reversed. This includes version and source information .

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


Hollinger box

  1. a storage container intended to protect and facilitate the handling of archival materials.
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


HSL

  1. Hue Saturation, and Lightness. A method of describing any color as a triplet of real values . The hue represents the color or wavelength of the color. It is sometimes called tone and is what most people think of as color. The hue is taken from the standard color wheel and is thus calibrated in degrees about the wheel. Saturation is the depth of the color. It states how gray the color is. It is areal valued parameter from 0.0 to 1.0 with 0.0 indicating full gray and 1.0 representing pure hue. The lightness is how black or white a color is. It also ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 but with 0.0 representing black and 1.0 white. A lightness of 0.5 is pure hue.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


Huffman Coding

  1. A method of encoding symbol s that varies the length of the code in proportion to its information content. Groups of pixel s which appear frequently in a image are coded with fewer bit s than those of lower occurrence.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


HyTime

  1. Hypermedia/Time-based Document Structuring Language ISO 10744: Based on SGML, HyTime extends the concept of markup of single document s to those of multiple data objects or document s with multiple parts. Hypertext document s and multi-media presentations are two examples. Using HyTime to describe the structure of the document s and their relationship to each other (and other document s) allows for interchange, non sequential browsing, version control , retrieval access , and cooperative authoring over time and distance.
  2. Hypermedia/Time-Based Structuring Language (HyTime). A standardized hypermedia
    structuring language for representing hypertext linking, temporal and spatial event scheduling, and
    synchronization.
  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


ICONCLASS

  1. A system of letters and numbers used to classify the iconography of works of art, developed in the Netherlands.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


image document

  1. A representation of the document image is electronically captured (usually with the aid of a digital image scanner--see 3.2.3) or created without interpretation
    of its actual content. This is stored as a sequence of l's or O's (known as bit s), a "digital photograph" as it were. In certain image representations, a "l"
    indicates "black" and a "O" indicates "white" (Binary Encoding), but usually the representation is encoded in more complex representations (see 3.3.4
    Encoding Method). In some representations, for example, the average grey level of a small area of the page, termed a "pixel", is encoded (Greyscale
    Encoding. See also 1.4.1.1.2). Such a pixel is a grey dot. The number of dots per inch is termed the pixel resolution . This pixel resolution may range from
    100 per inch to several thousand per inch.

    It is not unusual, for reasons of storage economy, to convert a greyscale- encoded image document into a binary -encoded image document of higher resolution
    at the time an image document is stored. Compression techniques (3.3.2) are used to achieve this. The resultant stored image represents a compromise between
    scanning resolution , image fidelity, and storage space.

    The electronically-encoded sequence of l's and O's that represent an Image Document is also known as a Bitmap.

    Image Documents are generally access ed by associating an index entry, such as a page number, with a segment of the Image Document. See discussion
    following under 3.1.5.2 regarding other issues associated with searching and retrieving Image Documents.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


image format

  1. Refers to the specification under which an image has been saved to disk or in which it resides in computer memory. There are many commonly used digital image format s in use. Some of the most used are TIFF, DIB, GIF, and JPEG. The image format specification dictates what image information is present and how it is organized in memory. Many format s support various sub-formats or 'flavors'.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


image processing

  1. The alteration or manipulation of images that have been scanned or captured by a digital recording device. Can be used to modify or improve the image by changing its size, color, contrast, and brightness, or to compare and analyze images for characteristics that the human eye could not perceive unaided. This ability to perceive minute variations in color, shape, and relationship has opened up many application s for image processing.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


index object

  1. The purpose of the Index Object is to speed file access to the streams contained in the Data Object to permit random access es into the file (for example, fast-forward, rewind, and jumps to specific points, efficient processing of stream prioritizations, and so on). The Index contains a time-based index into the data in the Data Object. An Index Object is not required, and if one exists it may not index every media stream in the file.
  2. The Index Object contains a time-based index into the multimedia data of an ASF file. The time interval that each index entry represents is set at authoring time and stored in the Index Object. Since it is not required to index into every media stream in a file, a list of the media streams that are indexed follows the time interval value. Each index entry consists of one data unit offset per media stream being indexed. This information allows stream-specific index operations to occur.
  1. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper

  2. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper

indexed access

  1. A Document Index is a systematically ordered file of objects [26] that refer to a collection of document s or to specific parts of those document s, organized in
    such a way as to facilitate searching the document collection for purposes of selection of single document s or groups of document s contained in the collection.
    Such document indices may be stored on different media depending upon how they are to be used.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


indexed color image

  1. An image where each pixel value is used as an index to a palette for interpretation before it can be displayed. Such images must, therefore, contain a palette which has been initialized specifically for a given image. The pixel values are usually 8-bit and the palette 24-bit (8-red, 8-green, and 8-blue). See also eight-bit image.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


indexing

  1. For the purpose of implementing References, Wrapper format s must allow indexing of points and regions within a Wrapper in either of the following ways: · Systematic indexing (for example, timecode, sub-frame or sample index) · Specific indexing (for example, named cue points, key frame s) Note that there are many issues of consistency of indexing when dealing with the diverse sample rates and synchronization methods in present televisions systems Ð such as the relationship between audio samples and video frame s, and the relationship between film frame s and video frame s. These relationships must be accommodated by the Indexing method, in combination with Association Metadata.
  2. The final (third) category of surface metadata is indexing information that might include keywords, search terms, provenance , and other context for where an encapsulated record belongs, where it comes from, what it contains, and how it should be access ed. Making this visible at the surface of the encapsulation facilitates data management and allows searching for relevant data without having to delve into encapsulated information every time a query is processed. see encapsulation see surface metadata
  3. index: (1) (ISO) A reference of integer value. (2) A table or list of the contents of a storage medium, file, document , or data base, together with keys or references for locating the contents. (3) The logically ordered tabulation of information about a specific file which allows the user to go directly to the needed document within the relevant record without searching a range of records and document s in detail. The index may reside as tabs on the record folder itself, as a separate listing on paper (catalog cards or in a bound ledger), or in a data base on a computer. One computer based index can easily control records stored across two or more media; e.g. microfilm and optical disk . (4) Information that enables a user (and/or a retrieval device) to search for and retrieve desired images; an index includes physical location information (i.e., which files on which disk) and document identification information (e.g., date, creator, contents).
  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

  2. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity

  3. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions
information

  1. data that has been assembled to enable someone to make a decision, to distinguish between alternatives, or to narrow a range of possibilities.
  2. (1) Facts or data communicated or received. See also RECORDED INFORMATION. (2) Processed data .
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Federal Records Management Glossary

information flow

  1. the transfer of information from an information -source-object to an information -destination-object.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


information package

  1. An information packaging concept that distinguishes Content Information from associated Preservation Description Information where the Preservation Description Information applies to the Content Information and is needed to aid in the preservation of the Content Information. It has associated Packaging Information used to delimit and identify the Content Information and Preservation Description Information.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


information system

  1. The organized collection, processing, transmission, and dissemination of information in accordance with defined procedures, whether automated or manual. Also called a record system or a system. Most often refers to a system containing electronic
    records, which involves input or source document s, records on electronic media, and output records, along with related document ation and any indexes.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


informational object

  1. A physical or digital object together with optional Representation
    Information.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


inheritance

  1. The passing of class resources or attributes from a parent class downstream in the class hierarchy to a child class. The new class inherits all the data and methods of the parent class without having to redefine them.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


intellectual content

  1. Intellectual Content refers to the ideas, thought processes, artistic expressions, etc., contained within the document .

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


intellectual preservation

  1. addresses the integrity and authenticity of the information as origin ally recorded. Preservation of the media and of the software technologies will serve only part of the need if the information content has been corrupted from its origin al form, whether by accident or design. The need for intellectual preservation arises because the great asset of digital information is also its great liability: the ease with which an identical copy can be quickly and flawlessly made is paralleled by the ease with which a change may undetectably be made.

    see integrity
  2. Even when digital information has migrated into new format s, there will remain a need for user s to be sure that the 'document' they are looking at is the one that they were looking for.
  1. Intellectual Preservation: Electronic Preservation Of The Third Kind

  2. Extending Metadata For Digital Preservation

intelligent number

  1. All other numbers have some degree of intelligence. Just how "intelligent" the number is another question. In our context, the most obvious example of an intelligent number is the ISBN. The first part of the ISBN identifies the country,language or geographic area in which the book was published; the second part identifies the publisher to whom it was issued. It is of course the case that the country in which an ISBN was issued in not a reliable indicator of the language of the book. It is equally true that when book lists are sold from one publisher to another, the origin al ISBN is often used for many years after the transaction has taken place. This is one of the key reasons why EDI in the book trade has depended to a considerable extent for its success on the "clearing house" exemplified by TeleOrdering, where the purportedly "intelligent" ISBN is compared against a complete data base of numbers to test the veracity of the intelligence it carries. There is another generalised criticism of the ISBN and similar "intelligent" constructs in the digital environment. Other interest groups, particularly authors' groups, see them as being "publisher-centric", failing to identify the underlying rights owners in the content. This may be largely irrelevant in a world where physical goods are being traded, where the necessity is to identify the source of those goods. It clearly becomes more crucial in the digital world where the publisher of the physical product may have no electronic rights or where rights origin ally owned by a publisher may have been transferred - or reverted to the author. The trend in information technology in general is away from intelligent to unintelligent identifiers, and the reason is obvious. It is indeed hard to imagine a system where, in the long term, numbers with any real intelligence can be maintained as a way of identifying content, particularly bearing in mind that the types of content to be described are not only those in which publishers have a traditional interest - text and graphics - but also encompass sounds and moving pictures, even computer code. However, we have a problem which those who would whole-heartedly abandon all intelligent numbering systems immediately overlook at their peril. We have not yet entered the "information society"; we are only just approaching its threshold. Much of the content in which our real customers are interested is not available in digital form - and much of it may never be unless and until real demand is established. In the meantime, user s will identify content by reference to physical manifestations of that content - printed sources. To facilitate this without ambiguity, it is essential to develop numbering systems which have a high degree of "affordance". This rather curious technical term, which seems to spring from the definition of "afford" meaning "to supply from its own resources", in this instance describes the ability of the end user to construct a unique reference number from the physical product or from a bibliographic record. This must truly be an "intelligent" number.

  1. Unique Identifiers: A Brief Introduction


interchange file

  1. A file containing data that can be sent from one application to another.

    see interchange format

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


interchange format

  1. a formal, ordered expression of the nature and structure of data elements, relationships between data elements, and metadata information needed as part of an Interchange Service. An interchange format may be used by one or more Interchange Services. More than one interchange format may be used in a single Interchange Service.

    see interchange file

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


Interleaving

  1. It is likely that information in Wrappers, particularly Essence Components, must be interleaved in various ways for optimization of storage, retrieval , presentation, and transmission. Existing transport layer s such as SDI or MPEG-2 Transport Stream may dictate the interleaving scheme. Wrapper format s must therefore permit conversion between interleaving schemes. The Wrapper format s should insulate the user from the specific interleaving scheme which is used, so that both Essence and Metadata may be manipulated with equal simplicity (although perhaps with different performance) no matter how they are interleaved.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


International Standards Organization (ISO)

  1. An organization, located in Geneva, Switzerland, devoted to developing the OSI Reference Model - a frame work for standards allowing the open exchange of information among terminals, computers, networks and application s.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


interoperability

  1. Interoperability can be a confusing term because it has different meanings in different fields of work. Compression systems further confuse the meaning of interoperability because of the issues of program transfers, concatenation, cascading, encoding and decoding quality, and compliance testing. Program exchange requires interoperability at three levels: the physical level, the protocols used, and the compression characteristics. This chapter considers only compression while other chapters address physical links and protocols. Considering program transfers, the Task Force has identified that there are several types of interoperability. The first example identified is interoperation through ITU-R BT.601 by decoding the compressed signals to a raster and re-encoding them. This is the current default method and is well understood. Additional methods of interoperation are expected to be identified in the future. Further work for this Task Force is to categorize methods of interoperation, explore their characteristics and relate them to various application s, and develop possible constraints on device and system characteristics necessary to ensure predictable levels of performance sought by user s for specific application s.
  2. One problem to be overcome is interoperability. EPR's DigiBox container s cannot be used in the IBM infoMarket architecture and likewise the IBM Cryptolope technology does not operate in EPR's InterTrust model. This means gateway interoperability is currently the only option if both these systems find a place in the market. Late last year a Digital Content Rights Management Group (DCRMG) was established, under the auspices of the Information Industry Association (IIA), to address standards issues. As members, both IBM and EPR are committed to ensuring their systems comply once standards have been agreed. In the meantime, however, IBM is moving ahead aggressively in the marketplace. As if to bear out the McKinsey advice ÒDo it, then fix itÓ, the General Manager of the infoMarket project, Mr. Jeff Crigler, makes it clear his company will take the technology they already have to market and then add functions as providers and user s make clear what is required.
  3. Access to an OpenDoc part or document from different platform s or with different software systems.
  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

  2. Tools And Standards For Protection, Control And Presentation Of Data

  3. Ibm Programming Guide
Invert Intensity

  1. An image processing operation where each pixel , one at a time, is subtracted from the maximum pixel value allowed. This produced a photographic negative of the origin al. For an 8-bit image the inverse function is: invert( pix) = 255-pix; For an 8-bit RGB image the function is: invert( Rpix) = 255-Rpix;invert(Gpix) = 255-Gpix; invert(Bpix) = 255-Bpix;

  1. Imaging Dictionary


JPEG

  1. Joint Photographic Experts Group. A collaborative specification by the CCITT and the ISO for image compression . JPEG is usually a lossy compression .
  2. Joint Photographic Experts Group. Used to refer to the standard they developed for still-image compression , which is sanctioned by the International Standards Organization (ISO).
  3. A raster image compression standard designed for storing full-color and gray-scale photographic images and artwork which will be viewed by the human eye.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  3. Automated Interchange Of Technical Information
JPG

  1. Format origin ator: Joint Photographics Experts Group

  1. Imaging Dictionary


layer

  1. a collection of objects of the same hierarchical rank

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


linkage or relationship data

  1. linkage or relationship data - Content objects frequently have multiple complex relationships to other objects . Some examples are the relationship of a set of journal articles to the containing journal, the relationship of a translation to the work in its origin al language, the relationship of a subsequent edition to the origin al work, or the relationships among the components of a multimedia work (including synchronization information between images and a soundtrack, for example). References to related content should be done using some unique persistent id entifier such as an ISBN, ISSN, or URN.

  1. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata


logical record

  1. In electronic records , a collection of related data elements, referring to one person, place, thing, or event, that are treated as a unit and have either a fixed or variable length.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


long-term preservation

  1. The act of preserving information , in a form which can be made understandable to a Designated Community, over the Long Term.

    see archival

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


longevity

  1. the longevity of digital information is constantly threatened by the combined assault of limited media life and the inexorably rapid evolution (and consequent obsolescence) of the software and supporting hardware systems needed to access and interpret digital data . These factors conspire to limit the effective lifetime of digital records despite the fact that they can be copied perfectly; this has prompted my ironic contention that digital information lasts forever--or five years, whichever comes first .
    See encapsulation

  1. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity


look-up-table

  1. A look-up-table or LUT is a continuous block of computer memory that is initialized in such a fashion that it can be used to compute the values of a function of one variable. The LUT is set up so that the functions variable is used as an address or offset into the memory block. The value that resides at this memory location becomes the functions output. Because the LUT values need only be initialized once, LUTs are very useful for image processing because of their inherent high speed. LUT[pixel_value] = f( pixel _value ) LUTs come in various widths, usually in units of bit s. An nxm bit LUT has 2n addresses or 256 stored values . Each value is 2m bit s wide. If the second dimension is left off it can be assumed to be equal to the first. In gray-scale image processing LUTs are commonly 8x8, and the bit widths are usually assumed. A linear LUT, sometimes called a NOP LUT or passthrough, is a LUT that has been initialized to output the same values as the input. NOP_LUT[pixel_value ] = pixel _value. See also Palette.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


lossless

  1. A method of image compression where there is no loss in quality when the image is uncompressed. The uncompressed image is mathematically identical to its origin al. Lossless compression is usually lower in compression ratio than lossy compression .
  2. Process that reduces the storage space needed for an image file without loss of data . If a digital image that has undergone lossless compression is decompressed, it will be identical to the digital image before it was compressed. Document images (i.e., in black and white, with a great deal of white space) undergoing lossless compression can often be reduced to one-tenth their origin al size; continuous-tone images under lossless compression can seldom be reduced to one-half or one-third their origin al size.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

lossy

  1. A method of image compression where some image quality is sacrificed in exchange for higher compression ratios. The amount of quality degradation depends on the compression algorithm used and a user selected quality variable.
  2. A process that reduces the storage space needed for an image file. If a digital image that has undergone lossy compression is decompressed, it will differ from the image before it was compressed (though this difference may be difficult for the human eye to detect). The most effective lossy-compression algorithm s work by discarding information that is not easily perceptible to the human eye.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

LUT Transform

  1. A LUT transform is an image processing method that takes an image and passes each pixel , one at a time, through a pre-set LUT. Thus, each new pixel is a function of one and only one pixel from the origin al image and is arranged in the same location. Any image processing algorithm that transform s a single pixel into another single pixel , both from the same location, can be performed quickly using a LUT. Square_root_LUT[ pixel _value ] = sqrt( pixel _value ) See Look-Up Table

  1. Imaging Dictionary


Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC):

  1. Standard format for the exchange of bibliographic data in machine-readable form. In existence since 1966, records in MARC format enable computers to manipulate and display data elements for a variety of purposes. MARC records facilitate information sharing and reduce the need for individual libraries to prepare origin al catalog ing for common acquisitions. The MARC format accommodates all types of library materials (books, maps, audio -visual, electronic resources, etc.). MARC:amc (a MARC format for Archives and Manuscripts Control) was published by the Society of American Archivists in 1985 and is used extensively in North America.
  2. MARC is the most significant implementation of the ISO 2709/NISO Z39.2 standard. The name MARC, an acronym for machine- readable catalog uing, origin ally described a single format developed by the US Library of Congress beginning in the mid-1960's. There are now numerous bibliographic and non- bibliographic MARC format s used in over 20 countries. National content standards differ somewhat so the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) has implemented UNIMARC as bridge between them. The four USMARC communications format s now function as a standard for the representation and exchange of bibliographic, authority, holdings and "community" data in machine-readable form in the U.S.. The scope of the bibliographic component includes books, archival material, computer files, maps, music, visual materials (including three- dimensional objects ), and serials. Because of strong links between libraries, archive s, collections of visual materials (all use USMARC) and because it can be used for a basic description of three-dimensional objects , some have proposed the museum community adopt a "MARC for museums" format .(fn AU report and Deirdre's study).
  3. The well-established Anglo-American catalog ing rules (AACR2) and MARC interchange format (and its numerous variations) is the basis for virtually all existing library systems and has proven effective in creating and encoding descriptions of a great variety of content . However, the very complex rules require extensively trained catalog ers for successful application , and the arcane structure of the MARC record requires complex and specialized systems for record creation and interchange. Simpler descriptive rules, such as that suggested by the Dublin Core, are usable by the majority of authors but do not offer the degree or retrieval precision and classification and organization that characterizes library catalog ing.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Glossary Of Cimi Terms

  3. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata
magnetic disk

  1. A rotating circular plate having a magnetized surface on which information may be stored as a pattern of polarized spots on concentric or spiral recording
    tracks. These plates or platters are usually stacked in disk drives, several to a drive. These platters may either be removable or not, although in high
    performance disk drives, the platters are usually not removable. They are, however, read/write devices (3.3.1.6). Some removable magnetic disks of lower
    capacity are known as floppy disks, since origin ally the recording medium was made of a flexible plastic.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


magnetic tape

  1. A plastic, paper, or metal tape that is coated or impregnated with magnetizable iron oxide particles on which information is stored as a pattern of polarized spots. These are read using magnetic tape drives. Access times with magnetic tapes are slower than those associated with correspondingly priced disks, since they are serial access devices, but the tapes are almost always removable so that the information can be stored off-line, thus making tapes [25] useful for archival storage.
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


magneto-optical disk

  1. Disks that combine the use of magnetic and optical technologies. To record data , elements of the crystal structure of the substrate are aligned by using a laser to
    heat the element in the presence of an applied magnetic field. When the magnetic field is aligned one way, a "I" is recorded; when the magnetic field is
    reversed, a "0" is recorded. The data are read by reflecting a lower-intensity laser beam off the surface; the polarization of the reflected light varies according to
    the crystal alignment of the element of the substrate. Unlike regular optical disk s, magneto-optical disks are read/write, and have performance characteristics
    somewhere between those of magnetic disks and optical disk s in terms of access times, transfer rates, and storage capacity.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


mapping

  1. The process of relating or converting data (elements) and their relationships in one format or conceptual schema to another.

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


markup language encoding

  1. A computer markup language is a means for describing, for an electronically stored document , the complete positioning, format , and style of text and image segment representations within the document . When combined with textual representation, it is a means for achieving fully format ted text . When combined with relevant image information about document graphics material , it may be a means of archiving fully reversible compression of the document . An example of a markup language is SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) that has been adopted by the United States Government and by many publishers as a pseudo-standard.
  2. Markup. Text that is added to the data of a document in order to convey information about it.
  1. Council On Preservation And Access

  2. Automated Interchange Of Technical Information

media compiler

  1. The storage and retrieval of media could be handle d by a so called "media compiler " (figure 1.) This media compiler would then remove the acquisition format from the archive requirement.

  1. Toward A Universal Data Format For The Preservation Of Media


media derivation

  1. One of AAF's strengths is its ability to describe the process by which one kind of media was derived from another. AAF files contain the information needed to return to an origin al source of media in case it needs to be used in a different way. For example, when an AAF file contains digital audio and video data whose origin al source was film , the AAF file may contain descriptive information about the film source, including edgecode and in- and out-point information from the intermediate video tape. This type of information is useful if the content creator needs to repurpose material, for instance, for countries with different television standards . Derivation information can also describe the creation of computer-generated media: if a visual composition was generated from compositing 3-D animation and still images, the AAF file can contain the information to go back to the origin al animation sources and make changes without having to regenerate the entire composition.

  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification


media object

  1. In AAF, media data is picture, sound, and other forms of data that can be directly perceive. Metadata is data that describes media data , performs some operation on media data , or provides supplementary information about the media data . For example, digitized sound data is media data , but the data that describes its format , specifies its duration, and gives it a descriptive name is metadata .

    see Mob

  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification


medium preservation

  1. Medium preservation has been addressed by some librarians and computing experts in discussions of environmental and handling concerns for tapes, magnetic disks, optical disk s, and the like.[2] The preservation of the medium on which the bit s and byte s of electronic information are recorded is an important concern. But such solutions will inevitably be short-term, and will not in themselves be the means of preserving information over long periods of time. Michael Lesk, in a report for the Commission, has urged that the greatest attention should instead be directed to the obsolescence of technologies rather than simply of the media

  1. Intellectual Preservation: Electronic Preservation Of The Third Kind


metadata

  1. Data about the data , that is, the description of the data resources, its characteristics, location, usage, and so on. Metadata is used to identify, describe, and define user data .
  2. Metadata is structure d information , perhaps contained in an attached header , that describes other resources. Catalogue records for library materials are a common example of metadata. While the resources are interesting to the end user , the metadata is interesting to the people or program s that have to manage the information . Metadata assists in the process of retrieving information by
    enabling user s to initially discover the existence of the information , to locate it and then to determined if it is the information that the user wants. Usually the metadata describes the contents, physical description, location, type and form of the information , and information necessary for management including migration history , expiry dates, security, authentication, and file format s.
  3. Information about data . In interchange it is the additional information about the content that is necessary for a receiving system to understand and intelligently deal with the exchange.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Preserving Access To Digital Information

  3. Glossary Of Cimi Terms
metadata 2

  1. Other information is referred to as Metadata. Metadata is broadly defined as Òdata about data Ó. The number of distinct varieties of Metadata is potentially limitless. To assist with describing requirements and behavior, Metadata is divided into several categories, depending upon its purpose, including at least the following: Format - any information necessary to decode the Essence. Examples: video format s, audio format s, numbers of audio channels, aspect ratio , pan & scan etc. Descriptive Ð all information used in the catalog uing, search & retrieval , and administration of Content. Examples: unique material identifiers (UIDs), labels, author, location, date & time, geospatial (information related to the position of the source), copyright information , access rights information , modification time stamps, version information , transaction records, etc. Association Ð any information necessary to achieve synchronization between different Content Components, and to achieve appropriate interleaving of the components. Composition Ð information required on how to combine a number of other components (e.g. video clips) into a sequence or structure (Content Element, Content Item, or Content Package) This may equally be regarded as information recording the derivation of the Content. Examples: edit decision list , titling information , zoom lens positioning (for virtual studio use), color correction parameters, etc. Other Ð anything not included above.
  2. Metadata, a term coined by Nicholas Negroponte of the MIT Media Lab, means data about other data . In the context of AAF, the primary data is the picture, sound, and other forms of data that we can directly perceive. The data that describes this primary data is metadata . For example, digitized sound data is primary data , the data that describes its format , how long it is, and gives it a descriptive name is the metadata . Much of the creative effort that goes into a multimedia presentation is represented by metadata . How one section transitions into another, how special effects modify the data we perceive, and how all the different kinds of primary data are related to each other (such as synchronizing picture and sound) are all represented as metadata . AAF provides a way to interchange a rich set of metadata . There isn't always a clear line between metadata and the primary data . For example timecode and picture mattes are usually considered metadata , but they can be stored in the same form as the primary data . One application 's primary data can be another application s metadata , but AAF file make the following distinction: Primary data is data that can be directly perceived, such as pictures that can be seen, sounds that can be heard, and text that can be read Metadata is data that describes or modifies the primary data , such as format descriptions, effects that modify primary data , and user comments In fact, metadata is not the difficult term on which to reach consensus; the difficult question is which term to use for the primary data . In the computer industry, the primary data has often been called media, media data , or some related term. However, in the broadcast industry, media refers to the physical tape or film that is used to store the images and sound and does not refer to the content of the tape or film . Various groups have tried to come up with some new terms to describe the primary data . One group has proposed essence to identify this primary data . This term has the advantage of not having many different meanings in different areas of technology, but it has not yet gained wide acceptance. Therefore, in the AAF document ation, the term media data is used to identify this primary data . When it is important to distinguish between data stored in computers from data stored on video tape, film , or other physical storage from, the term digital media data is used to describe primary data that is stored in a computer file.
  3. Page 91:
    Metadata is the ingredient that lets us create agile client/server systems. An agile system is self-describing, dynamic, and reconfigurable
  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

  2. Advanced Authoring Format Specification

  3. Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide
metadata 3

  1. Metadata efforts often fall into the trap of trying to create a universal metadata schema . Such efforts fail to recognize the basic nature of metadata : namely, metadata is far too diverse to fit into one useful taxonomy. Within the digital library domain there exist a variety of metadata forms -- bibliographic description, content rating, rights management, and many others -- that correspond to the interests of unique communities of expertise. An investigation of other domain s -- such as mass storage, data base, and statistical -- uncovers reasonable, but widely divergent, definitions of what constitutes metadata .

  1. Extending The Warwick Framework: From Metadata Containers To Active Digital Objects


metadata requirements and sets

  1. Recognizing the breadth of varieties of Metadata, the naming scheme used for varieties of Metadata should be hierarchical. The hierarchy of varieties (categories, sub-categories and so on), the actual names and the definitions should be registered by a single independent registration authority such as SMPTE. The names must have a plain text representation. Each application will employ different combinations and varieties of Metadata. There is therefore a requirement for Metadata Sets to provide a guideline as to what combination to employ in a particular application . The Metadata Sets should be developed as part of the recommended Metadata standardization process. A preliminary list of the required Metadata Sets is contained in D4 Ð Notes. To maximize compatibility, there is a strong preference for Metadata to have a defined representation in plain text form, using an international character set such as ISO 646. It is recognized that some varieties of Metadata are inherently not representable as plain text. Other varieties carry information in local language, and must be represented using a regionalized character set. Metadata which names, defines and describes other Metadata must be represented in the international character set. Within each Metadata Usage Profile, a core set of Mandatory Metadata items must be provided with each Content structure (Content Component, Content Element, Content Item, or Content Package). This small core set provides for the basic management of the Content structure . A further set of Essential Metadata items must either be provided, or else a sensible default value can be automatically inferred. These items are typically within the class of Descriptive Metadata. Within certain Profiles, an additional arbitrary assortment of Optional Metadata items may be required to be carried.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


microfiche

  1. A card-sized transparent sheet of film with miniaturized images (microimages) arranged in a grid pattern. Usually contains a title readable without a magnifying device. Sometimes abbreviated as fiche.
  2. Microform in the shape of a rectangular sheet having one or more microimage s usually arranged in a grid pattern, with a heading area across the top.
  1. Federal Records Management Glossary

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

microfilm

  1. (1) Raw (unexposed and unprocessed) fine-grain, high- resolution film suitable for use in micrographics . (2) Fine- grain, high-resolution film containing microimage s.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


microform

  1. Any form containing greatly reduced images, or microimage s, usually on microfilm . Roll, or generally serialized, microforms include microfilm on reels, cartridges, and cassettes. Flat, or generally unitized, microforms include microfiche , microfilm jackets, aperture cards, and microcards, or micro-opaques.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


microform recorder

  1. A Microform Recorder is a camera or other photographic device for photographing the origin al document and printing it onto one of several forms of microform . The microform film in essence becomes both a storage medium and a presentation medium. Other film copies and paper copies may also be made from the microform negatives for presentation.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


microform recording

  1. icroform Recording refers to the process of preserving the document by film ing the origin al document onto a microform film negative, that is, storing microimage s of the pages or segments of the document on film . Positive film copies, which can be produced inexpensively, are made from this origin al film negative or master. Such a positive copy is both a storage and distribution technology , and is normally viewed using a microform reader, or paper positive prints may be made from the positive microform using printing devices designed for the purpose. Access to microfilm using such a reader is serial, whereas access to microfiche is random like a book. The advantages of microform are that the process is economically competitive with other processes; that film has a long useful life ; and that microform copies--made from a second negative [23] copied from the origin al negative--may be made cheaply and distributed among other institutions, so that access is not limited to a single facsimile . Microform preservation is a well-tried, tested, and accepted method of preservation . The disadvantages are that there is usually a loss of information in the recording process, particularly in recording continuous tone imagery, since the film used is usually of high contrast; [24] and that readers dislike using microform readers compared with, say, reading books. icroform-preserved document s can subsequently be converted to other media besides paper. They can be scanned and converted to digital ly-encoded document s to take advantage of the benefits of digital encoding for storage, distribution, and access . However, any loss of information in the origin al recording process will be perpetuated in the subsequent digital recording.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


micrographics

  1. the science or business of photographically reducing images onto film .

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


microimage

  1. An image too small to be read without a magnifying device or

    other special equipment.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


migration

  1. The act of moving a digital Information Object across storage media using either Replication, Repackaging, or Transmutation.


    see refresh
  2. Migrate: to copy data , or convert data , from one technology to another, whether hardware or software , preserving the essential characteristics of the data ;
    generally forward in time. (At the moment, it is recognized, this final qualifier begs many questions.) Examples: conversion of XyWrite w/p files to Microsoft Word; conversion of ClarisWorks v3 spreadsheet files to Microsoft Excel v4 files; conversion of binary tape images of survey research multi-punched tab cards to a data base format ; copying an 800bpi tape file to a sequential disk file; converting a DOS FoxPro data base to a Visual Basic data base for Windows 95; converting a PICT image to a TIFF image; converting a ClarisWorks for Windows v4 w/p file to a Macintosh ClarisWorks v4 file.
    Examples can be given, as here, for cases known to be required; the longer-term preservation problem is to prepare for forward migrations when the
    future technologies are unknown.
  3. ÒMigration is the periodic transfer of digital materials from one hardware/software configuration to another, or from one generation of computer technology to a subsequent generation. The purpose of migration is to preserve the integrity of digital objects and to retain the ability for clients to retrieve, display, and otherwise use them in the face of constantly changing technology. Migration includes refreshing as a means of digital preservation but differs from it in the sense that it is not always possible to make an exact digital copy or replica of a data base or other information object as hardware and software change and still maintain the compatibility of the object with the new generation of technology.Ó

    Òmigration is a broader and richer concept than ÒrefreshingÓ for identifying the range of options for digital preservation . Migration is a set of organized tasks designed to achieve the periodic transfer of digital materials from one hardware/software configuration to another, or from one generation of computer technology to a subsequent generation. The purpose of migration is to preserve the integrity of digital objects and to retain the ability for clients to retrieve, display, and otherwise use them in the face of constantly changing technology. The Task Force regards migration as an essential function of digital archive s.Ó
  1. Federal Records Management Glossary

  2. Glossary Of Preservation Terms In The Electronic Environment

  3. Task Force On Archiving Digital Information
migration 2

  1. Media longevity issues can be addressed by copying (or "migrating") digital data periodically to new, fresh media; but digital records depend on obsolete software to interpret obsolete format s, codes and file structure s, which presents a harder problem. Sections 7 and 8 propose a solution based on the use of encapsulation along with metadata to make the encapsulated information intelligible.

  1. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity


MIME

  1. Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions. A standard for embedding multimedia data in e-mail messages.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


mnemonic filing system

  1. A classification system in which records are coded by symbol s to remind the user of the subject; for example, COM for communications and PER for personnel. These symbol s are usually arranged alphabetically.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


Mob

  1. A primary OMF Interchange data structure that includes a unique ID and can identify a composition or a physical source of media data . The use of mobs makes it possible to create compositions separately from the digital media data and to store source information application s can use to recreate media. Com- position mobs store persistent reference s to their physical source mobs. A dig- ital file mob can store a reference to the video tape mob describing its origin al analog source.

    see media object

  1. Omf Interchange Specification


Mob ID

  1. The unique ID associated with an OMF Interchange file Mob, having OMF Interchange data type omfi:UID.

    see identifier

  1. Omf Interchange Specification


Motion-JPEG

  1. JPEG stands for the Joint Photographic Experts Group standard, a standard for storing and compressing digital images. Motion-JPEG extends this standard by supporting video s. In motion-JPEG, each frame in the video is stored with the JPEG format .

  1. Pcwebopedia


MPEG

  1. Motion Pictures Experts Group. An ISO specification of the compression of digital -broadcast quality full-motion video with its sound track.
  2. Used to refer to an image-compression scheme for full-motion video they developed, which is ISO-sanctioned. MPEG takes advantage of the fact that full-motion video is made up of many successive frame s, often consisting of large areas that don't change, such as blue sky background. MPEG "differencing" notes differences, or lack of them, from one frame to the next.
  3. Short for Moving Picture Experts Group, and pronounced m-peg, a working group of ISO. The term also refers to the family of digital video compression standards and file format s developed by the group. MPEG generally produces better-quality video than competing format s, such as Video for Windows, Indeo and QuickTime. MPEG files can be decoded by special hardware or by software . MPEG achieves high compression rate by storing only the changes from one frame to another, instead of each entire frame . The video information is then encoded using a technique called DCT. MPEG uses a type of lossy compression , since some data is removed. But the diminishment of data is generally imperceptible to the human eye. There are two major MPEG standards : MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. The most common implementations of the MPEG-1 standard provide a video resolution of 352-by-240 at 30 frame s per second (fps). This produces video quality slightly below the quality of conventional VCR video s. A newer standard, MPEG-2, offers resolution s of 720x480 and 1280x720 at 60 fps, with full CD-quality audio . This is sufficient for all the major TV standards , including NTSC, and even HDTV. MPEG-2 is used by DVD-ROMs. MPEG-2 can compress a 2 hour video into a few gigabytes. While decompressing an MPEG-2 data stream requires only modest computing power, encoding video in MPEG-2 format requires significantly more processing power. The ISO standards body is currently working on a new version of MPEG called MPEG-4 (there is no MPEG-3). MPEG-4 will be based on the QuickTime file format .
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  3. Pcwebopedia
multi-media

  1. Multi-Media is a term used to denote document s created using a number of different media simultaneously, usually those with an electronic technological basis: for example, a digital electronic recording that also combines video and audio , and that may, as part of the document , intrinsically produce paper outputs.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


multimedia streaming

  1. the remote or local delivery of synchronized media data like video , audio , text, and animation -- is a critical link in the digital multimedia revolution. Today, synchronized media is primarily about video and audio , but a richer, broader digital media era is emerging with profound and growing impact on the Internet and digital broadcasting.
    see streaming

  1. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper


navigation

  1. the process of reaching a service objective by means of making successive choices; the term may be applied to the selection of a service category, a service provider or an offer within a particular service.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


near-line archiving

  1. A near-line archive is a mid-way archive containing copies of the content and metadata . Typically, browse mode images and metadata will still be stored in the on-line archive for rapid access whereas content will be stored off-line on a remote server . Full editing capability of near-line archive content is still possible.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


NISO

  1. NISO: NISO is the ANSI accredited developer of standards for libraries, information organizations, A&I services, publishers and library equipment manufacturers. NISO publishes the Z series of ANSI standards including the Z39.2 Bibliographic Information Interchange and Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library Applications. Z39.2 was developed after and from the MARC format and is an example of a professional standard being adopted as a national one. Now MARC is described as an implementation of Z39.2 and is considered only one in a suite of standards necessary for bibliographic information interchange.

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


no encoding

  1. No interpretation of the information contained in the origin al document has occurred. If the document were origin ally scanned using a digital image scanner, then the document in this instance is generally stored in some image format , compressed or not. If portions of the document were origin ally scanned using optical character recognition, then those portions will be stored as either format ted or unformatted text .

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


non-archival

  1. A document that is not intended or cannot be expected to be kept permanently, and that may therefore be created or published on a medium that cannot be expected to retain its origin al characteristics and resist deterioration.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


nonrecord materials

  1. U.S. Government-owned document ary materials excluded from the legal definition of records or not meeting the requirements of that definition. Include extra copies of document s kept only for convenience of reference, stocks of publications and of processed document s, and library or museum materials intended solely for reference or exhibition. Also called nonrecords

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


numeric filing system

  1. Any classification system in which numbers are assigned to main divisions and subdivisions and the records are arranged accordingly.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


numeric-alphabetic filing system.

  1. A classification system in which numbers are assigned to main divisions and letters and numbers to succeeding subdivisions and the records are arranged accordingly. For example, "1" might stand for "administration," "1C" for the subdivision "personnel," and "1C4" for the further subdivision "retirement."


  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


OAIS

  1. SEE Open Archival Information System

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


object code

  1. The code produced by a compiler . Programmers write program s in a form called source code . The source code consists of instructions in a particular language, like C or FORTRAN. Computers, however, can only execute instructions written in a low-level language called machine language. To get from source code to machine language, the program s must be transform ed by a compiler . The compiler produces an intermediary form called object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer's machine language. The final step in producing an executable program is to transform the object code into machine language, if it is not already in this form. This can be done by a number of different types of program s, called assembler s, binders, linkers, and loaders.

  1. Pcwebopedia


Object extensibility

  1. ÒObjects must be extensible. Applications must be able to attach new information to any object without disrupting other application s that donÕt understand the new informa-tion. Any information attached must have its own type, and must be able to be as large as any other part of the object. These requirements allow inspectable information to be associated with objects that would otherwise be opaque in some environments.Ó

  1. Bento Specification


objects

  1. Each Bento object has a persistent ID which is unique within its container . Other than that, objects donÕt really exist independent of their properties. An object contains no information beyond what is stored in its properties.
  2. The basic unit of organization for an ASF file is an ASF Object. It consists of a 128-bit globally unique identifier (GUID) for the object, a 64-bit integer object size, and variable length object data . The value of the object size field is the sum of 24 byte s plus the size of the object data in byte s.
  3. An ASF Object is similar to a Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) chunk, which is the basis for AVI and WAV files. ASF basically makes three fundamental changes to the RIFF format which are needed to improve its scalability, versatility, and flexibility: "Chunks" are replaced by bona-fide objects. Each ASF object is defined by a structure consisting of a UUID (instead of a FOURCC) and a length field which identifies the size of that object in byte s. The data for that object (including embedded sub-objects) immediately follows the length field. The length field size is increased from 32 bit s to 64 bit s in order to permit objects to become substantially larger than 4 Gigabytes in length (in other words, 4 Gigabytes was the maximum length supported by RIFF). This change was needed to support data objects potentially containing hours of video .
  1. Bento Specification

  2. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper

  3. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper
objects 2

  1. Generally, any item that can be individually selected and manipulated. This can include shapes and pictures that appear on a display screen as well as less tangible software entities. In object-oriented program ming, for example, an object is a self-contained entity that consists of both data and procedures to manipulate the data .
  2. Page 23:
    An object is an encapsulated chunk of code that has a name and an interface that describes what it can do. Other program s can invoke the functions the interface describes or simply reuse the function itself. Objects should let you write program s faster by incorporating large chunks of code from existing objects -- this is called inheritance . In addition, an object typically manages a resource or its own data . You can only access an objectÕs resource using the interface the object publishes. This means objects encapsulate the resource and contain all the information they need to operate on it.
    Objects let you package software capabilities into more manageable (and useful) chunks.

    See encapsulation
    See self description
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide

OCLC

  1. Online Computer Library Center, Inc. A consortium of various libraries serving its members with an online file of bibliographic information , online union catalog , shared catalog ing system, interlibrary loan system, and serials control. PUL has access to this system via computer terminals in the General and Humanities Reference Room, in Technical Services, and in Interlibrary Services. Princeton provides interlibrary loan service to New Jersey libraries via the OCLC interlibrary loan system.

  1. Technical Services Department Glossary


off-site storage

  1. A facility other than an agency's normal place of business where vital records are stored for protection .

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


on-line archiving

  1. On-line archive s will generally directly record compressed bit streams to avoid the concatenation effects of another compression system. The archive may also be associated with highly compressed browse mode images and metadata to aid recovery of archive content. The quality level of the browse mode images is only required to support picture recognition, with no expectation that these pictures will be used for any other purpose. Metadata and browse mode images will normally be located on the same storage device for rapid access to the content. Full editing capability should be possible with on-line archive content.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


online public access catalog (OPAC)

  1. an automated library catalog directly available to user s. The OPAC contains the library's catalog of bibliographic records and usually provides a variety of other features and information such as circulation status and periodical check-in records. The OPAC often provides access to other online resources and services made available to user s by the library.
  2. On-line public access catalog . A common term for automated, computerized library catalog s, made available to a wide range of user s.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

Open Archival Information System (oais)

  1. An OAIS is a type of archive , consisting of an organization of people and systems, that has accepted the responsibility to preserve information for one or more designated communities. It accepts the responsiblities defined in Section 3 of this document , and it adhers to future OAIS standards as they are defined.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


open standards

  1. For the media compiler to work efficiently, it requires the actual specification s for the stored data types . These specification s must be open, freely available standards . The National Information Standards Organization writes that standards achieve Òcompatibility between equipment, data , practices, and procedures so information can be made easily and universally available.Ó One standard that has made all of our lives easier is acid-free paper. Established in 1984 by the National Information Standards Organization, Z39.48 set the requirements for the durability and longevity of paper. Paper that complies with this standard will last several hundred years. What made this standard a reality, particularly the 1992 revision, were joint efforts among paper makers, publishers, printers, and the preservation community. For our initiative, we are sounding a similar call for software companies to release file format specifications.

  1. Upf Recommended Practice: Straw Man


open system

  1. hardware and software components that are not dependent on any vendor's proprietary architecture .

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


Open Systems Environment

  1. a conceptual model developed by IEEE and NIST to extend the concept of OSI from connecting computers to allow them to interwork, to allowing application portability between platform s. It incorporates issues of user interface, data management, data interchange, communications, and operating system s.

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


Open Systems Interconnection

  1. An ISO set of standards specified in the base standard ISO 7498 1-4 which is the basic description of the seven layer ed model for effecting open communications between two computer systems. Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) ISO 8879-1986

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


OpenDoc

  1. A multiplatform technology, implemented as a set of shared libraries, that uses component software to facilitate the construction and sharing of compound document s.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


openness

  1. a concept that encompasses representation from the broadest spectrum possible of the particular community represented, adequate record keeping and publication of minutes, no financial barriers to participation, or restrictions on participation based on membership in an organization or technical qualifications.

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


operating system

  1. fundamental instructions that tell a computer how to input and output information , how to store and retrieve data and files, and how to interact with the user .
  2. Maintaining Full Copies of the Operating System and Relevant Applications We have full copies of the ITS operating system source code (with document ation and any relevant application s) already copied onto our current systems. This resource has not helped us, and we do not see it could be any more useful to anyone in the future. The only use such information could provide would be to allow someone to engineer a system that translates the data - such as the one we eventually implemented. We believe it is important to do this now, before we lose any further knowledge about the origin al implementation. In addition, the cost for a human to interpret the code and document ation and develop such a system will only increase with time. This, in essence , is the approach we have been using for some time. However, we do not want to continue using it as our sole means of preservation because it has already proven to be inadequate. Besides, this method does not solve the problem of reducing the number of format s that we need to decode in order to read all of our data .
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Tape Archiving Using The Time Capsule File System

optical character recognition (OCR)

  1. the ability of a computer input device or other machine to optically read individual characters (letters, numbers, symbol s) from a page and convert the information into an electronically stored text file.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


optical disk

  1. A rotating circular plate on which information is stored as submicrometer-sized holes and is recorded and read by laser beams focused on the disk. This includes the class of CD-ROM devices, which embodies the same 5 1/4" diameter format used for CD recordings. CD-ROM's are usually read by inserting the CD-ROM disk into a CD-ROM player. Other typical format s involve 12" or 14" diameter format s, but there is a dearth of standards . The latter are usually read by inserting them into optical jukebox devices, which perform the role suggested by their name. Even when mounted, access times for optical disks are typically relatively slow, because of the lag time needed to "spin up" the disk. However, the cost per stored bit is extremely low. Error rates may also be higher than for magnetic technologies. As such, optical disks are most useful where there is an abundance of redundant information contained in the stored data , such as would be the case with the storage of scanned document pages. On viewing the data , the eve would not likely be troubled by a tiny dot among an ocean of dots being the wrong shade of grey. See also the discussion of magneto-optical devices. Conversely, magnetic devices excel in the recording of encoded text, but may be expensive to use for the storage of images even when compressed.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


optical tape

  1. An emerging class of technology that combines the advantages and disadvantages of tape with those of optical recording technology. Their chief advantage may lie in very cheap cost per bit storage, but at this time they suffer from relatively high error rates.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


origin

  1. A reference point for measuring sections of digitized sample data . A file mob value for the start position in the media is expressed in relation to the origin. Although the same sample data can be redigitized and more sample data might be added, the origin remains the same so that composition source clips that reference it remain valid.

    see version control

  1. Omf Interchange Specification


packed bit s

  1. A binary image is usually stored in computer memory 8 pixel s per byte . When this is the case each byte is referred to as being filled with packed bit s This saves space but makes reading and writing any individual pixel somewhat harder since most computers cannot directly access memory in chunks smaller than a byte .

  1. Imaging Dictionary


palette

  1. A digital images palette is a collection of 3 look-up-tables or "LUT"s which are used to define a given pixel s display color. One LUT for red, one for green and one for blue. The number of entries in the LUTs depends on the width in bit s of the image's pixel s. A palette image is one which requires its palette in order to be displayed in a fashion which makes sense to the viewer. This is often the case of color 8-bit images. Without a palette describing what color each pixel is to be displayed with, such an image would most likely be displayed as randomly selected noise. A gray-scale palette is one where each of the 3 LUTs are linear. That is, the output is whatever is input to them. Since each color component (R, G, B) will be an equal value, any pixel s input to them will be displayed in a varying shade of gray. See also Look-Up-Table

  1. Imaging Dictionary


peer

  1. of the same rank or order: peer objects belong to the same layer (category or classification ).
    peer-entity authentication:Êthe proof that an entity has the claimed identity.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


permanent records

  1. records that require permanent retention based on administrative, fiscal, legal or historic values .

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


persistence

  1. The quality of an entity such as a part, link, or object, that allows it to span separate document launches and transport to different computers. For example, a part unloaded to persistent storage is typically written to a hard disk.

    see persistent ID

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


persistent ID

  1. Every Bento object is designated by a persistent ID which is unique within the scope of its container . Objects may have additional IDs and/or names that are unique in larger scopes, but this is not required.

    see persistence
    see identifier

  1. Bento Specification


persistent reference

  1. A number, stored somewhere within a storage unit, that refers to another storage unit in the same document . Persistent references permit complex runtime object relationships to be stored externally, and later reconstructed.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


physical object

  1. An object (such as a moon rock, biospecimen, microscope slide) with physically observable properties that represent information that is considered suitable for
    being adequately document ed for preservation , distribution and independent usage.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


pixel

  1. Short for the mostly obsolete term PIcture (X) ELement. This is the most fundamental element of a digital image. A digital image is made up of rows and columns of points of light. Each indivisible point of light is called a pixel. Each pixel in an image is addressed by its column (x) and its row (y) usually written as the coordinate pair (x,y). An 8-bit pixel can take on one of 256 values . A24-bit pixel has 3, 8-bit components for each of the primary colors, red, green, and blue.
  2. The picture elements that make up an image, similar to grains in a photograph or dots in a half-tone . Each pixel can represent a number of different shades or colors, depending upon how much storage space is allocated for it. see 8-bit image or 24-bit image
  3. The smallest graphic element that can be individually addressed within a picture. Also known as a "pixel," or "picture element."
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  3. Automated Interchange Of Technical Information
platform

  1. a computer hardware usually incorporating a specific operating system .
  2. The underlying hardware or software for a system. For example, the platform might be an Intel 80486 processor running DOS Version 6.0. The platform could also be UNIX machines on an Ethernet network. The platform defines a standard around which a system can be developed. Once the platform has been defined, software developers can produce appropriate software and managers can purchase appropriate hardware and application s. The term is often used as a synonym of operating system . The term cross-platform refers to application s, format s, or devices that work on different platforms. For example, a cross-platform program ming environment enables a program mer to develop program s for many platforms at once.
  3. A platform consists of an operating system , the computer system's coordinating program , and a microprocessor, the microchip in the computer that performs logic operations and manages data movement in the computer. The operating system must be designed to work with the particular microprocessor's set of instructions. As an example, Microsoft's Windows 95 is built to work with a series of microprocessors from the Intel Corporation that share the same or similar sets of instructions. There are usually other implied parts in any computer platform such as a motherboard and a data bus, but these parts have increasingly become modularized and standardized. Historically, most application program s have had to be written to run on a particular platform. Each platform provided a different application program interface for different system services. Thus, a PC program would have to be written to run on the Windows platform and then again to run on the Macintosh platform. Although these platform differences continue to exist and there will probably always be proprietary differences between them, new open or standards -conforming interfaces now allow some program s to run on different platforms or to interoperate with different platforms through mediating or "broker" program s.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Pcwebopedia

  3. Whatis.com Inc.
platform neutral

  1. The container format must work well on any platform . It must not be biased toward any particular hardware or system software environment.
    see virtual machine
    see composition agnostic
    see Bento

  2. Wrapper format s must be designed to be "Platform Neutral", so that Wrappers may be read by any machine with equal facility (although perhaps with different performance), no matter what machine was used to origin ally create the wrapper . Typical considerations are byte ordering, and the organization of sample structure s in customized word format s. The need for platform neutrality does not preclude creating a Wrapper in an optimal format for a particular machine.
  1. Bento Specification

  2. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

point process

  1. A class of image processing transform s where every pixel is taken, one at a time, from a provided image and mathematically transform ed into a new value with no input from any other pixel in them image. A point process is a degenerative neighborhood process where the kernel is a matrix of pixel s which is 1x1 or in other words a single pixel .

  1. Imaging Dictionary


polar coordinates

  1. An alternative to the usual Cartesian method of addressing image pixel s. Polar coordinates use the coordinate pair, angle and radius from an origin instead of column and row.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


presentation technology

  1. Presentation Technology is the term given to technologies that present the encoded document to the end user or patron, possibly following some conversion of one medium to another. If the storage medium is paper, for example, no conversion would be necessary, and the storage medium and the presentation medium are one and the same - unless the distribution technology used were, say, FAX, in which case there are intervening conversion processes. If the storage medium, on the other hand, were digital electronic, for example, and data networks were used as the means of distribution, then the presentation technology might be a computer workstation or the distributed encoded document could be converted to some other form such as paper.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


preservation

  1. (1) The provision of adequate facilities to protect, care for, or maintain records. (2) Specific measures, individual and collective, undertaken to maintain, repair, restore, or protect records

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


preservation and media conversion technologies

  1. Many different technologies have been proposed to address the problems of preservation . These can be divided into three broad categories: those directed at preserving both the content and physical embodiment of the origin al, those directed at preserving the content and copying the physical embodiment, and those directed at preserving the content only, without concern for the physical embodiment. Conservation and paper deacidification fall into the first category. The remaining technologies described below fall into the other categories. In the second category every effort is made to copy the physical embodiment or format of the origin al as faithfully as possible, normally onto another medium. The term media conversion technologies is thus used for this class. Media Conversion includes photocopying, microform recording, and the use of electronic digitization techniques. The third category makes no attempt to preserve or copy the physical embodiment of the origin al. For example, merely rekeying the text of a document composed entirely of text preserves only content and nothing else if no attempt is made to capture font and other format ting information . Among librarians, the term "reformatting" has traditionally been used for "media conversion ." The former term is not used in this Glossary because of possible confusion with the concept of Document Format. Furthermore, "reformatting" does not do justice to the concept of copying onto microform or of digital scanning. [20] This necessarily brief glossary of different preservation approaches also summarizes some of the key issues involved in comparing the various alternatives.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


preservation description information (PDI)

  1. Information necessary to adequately preserve the Content Information and which can be categorized as Provenance, Reference, Fixity, and Context information .

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


program

  1. (n) An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner. Without programs, computers are useless. A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a list of directions (called statements) that tell the computer what to do with the variables. The variables can represent numeric data , text, or graphical images. There are many programming languages -- C, C++, Pascal, BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, and LISP are just a few. These are all high-level languages. One can also write programs in low-level languages called assembly languages, although this is more difficult. Low-level languages are closer to the language used by a computer, while high-level languages are closer to human languages. Eventually, every program must be translated into a machine language that the computer can understand. This translation is performed by compiler s, interpreters, and assembler s. When you buy software , you normally buy an executable version of a program. This means that the program is already in machine language -- it has already been compiled and assembled and is ready to execute.
  2. In computing, a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to perform. In the modern computer that John von Neumann outlined in 1945, the program contains a one-at-a-time sequence of instructions that the computer follows. Typically, the program is put into a storage area access ible to the computer. The computer gets one instruction and performs it and then gets the next instruction. The storage area or memory can also contain the data that the instruction operates on. (Note that a program is also a special kind of "data" that tells how to operate on "application or user data .") Programs can be characterized as interactive or batch in terms of what drives them and how continuously they run. An interactive program receives data from an interactive user (or possibly from another program that simulates an interactive user ). A batch program runs and does its work, and then stops. Batch programs can be started by interactive user s who request their interactive program to run the batch program. A command interpreter or a Web browser is an example of an interactive program. A program that computes and prints out a company payroll is an example of a batch program. Print jobs are also batch programs. When you create a program, you write it using some kind of computer language. Your language statements are the source program. You then "compile" the source program (with a special program called a language compiler ) and the result is called an object program (not to be confused with object-oriented programming). There are several synonyms for object program, including object module and compiled program. The object program contains the string of 0s and 1s called machine language that the logic processor works with. The machine language of the computer is constructed by the language compiler with an understanding of the computer's logic architecture , including the set of possible computer instructions and the length (number of bit s) in an instruction.
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

property rights

  1. Metadata recording the ownership of Content and the history of ownership may be stored in the wrapper in order to facilitate the establishment and preservation of copyright .

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


protection

  1. Keeping data safe, defending it from attack, guarding it, preserving it from danger. As there is a cost to such protection, clearly it is only worth keeping something safe if it is considered more valuable than the cost of protecting it. So the level of protection used is a function of perceived value

  1. Tools And Standards For Protection, Control And Presentation Of Data


provenance

  1. the organization or individual that created, accumulated, and/or maintained and used records in the conduct of business prior to their transfer to an archive s or other repository. Also, information regarding the origin and custodial history of document s.

    see integrity
  2. This is data defining source or origin of some content object, for example describing some physical artifact from which the content was scanned. It might also include a summary of all algorithm ic transform ations that have been applied to the object (filtering, decimation, etc.) since its creation. Arguably, provenance information might also include evidence of authenticity and integrity through the use of digital signature schemes; or such authenticity and integrity information might be considered a separate class of metadata .
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


provenance information

  1. Information that document s the history of the Content Information. This information tells the origin or source of the Content Information, any changes that may have taken place since it was origin ated, and who has had custody of it since it was origin ated. Examples of Provenance Information are the principal investigator who recorded the data and the information concerning its storage, handling and migration .

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


pseudocode

  1. An outline of a program , written in a form that can easily be converted into real program ming statements. For example, the pseudocode for a bubble sort routine might be written:
    while not at end of list
    compare adjacent elements
    if second is greater than first
    switch them
    get next two elements
    if elements were switched
    repeat for entire list
    Pseudocode cannot be compiled nor executed, and there are no real format ting or syntax rules. It is simply one step - an important one - in producing the final code. The benefit of pseudocode is that it enables the program mer to concentrate on the algorithm s without worrying about all the syntactic details of a particular program ming language. In fact, you can write pseudocode without even knowing what program ming language you will use for the final implementation.

  1. Pcwebopedia


QuickTime

  1. A video and animation system developed by Apple Computer. QuickTime is built into the Macintosh operating system and is used by most Mac application s that include video or animation. PCs can also run files in QuickTime format , but they require a special QuickTime driver. QuickTime supports most encoding format s, including Cinepak, JPEG, and MPEG. QuickTime is competing with a number of other standards , including AVI and ActiveMovie. In February 1998, the ISO standards body gave Quicktime a boost by deciding to use it as the basis for the new MPEG-4 standard it is defining.
  2. QuickTime specifies its own file format called a QuickTime Movie. This file format is an extremely flexible container format for virtually any type of digital media asset. While QuickTime in no way requires you to store your media in QuickTime Movie files, most customers find that the QuickTime Movie file format is among the most convenient and powerful format s for storing common digital media types such as audio and video . Furthermore, QuickTime Movie files are platform neutral, open, and extensible. These characteristics have convinced many major vendors to commit to the QuickTime Movie format . For example, Silicon Graphics has chosen the QuickTime Movie file as the standard media container format on their platform s. QuickTime Movies are well supported on the Windows platform as well, with QuickTime-enabled software available from Apple, Microsoft, Macromedia, Adobe, and numerous other developers. Because of this ability to work with QuickTime Movie files on any computing platform , the QuickTime Movie format continues to grow in popularity. Because a QuickTime Movie file can be used on any user Õs computer with most video editing software , it provides an unrivaled ability for user s to share these files in collaborative work environments made up of a diverse collection of media editing and capture stations.
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Quicktime Technology Brief

raw byte stream

  1. Preserving Only the Raw Byte Stream This is the most inexpensive solution by far and minimizes development costs. One just has to copy the bit s and record boundaries as they exist on one tape onto new storage media. This process may include checking the contents of the tape against the paper dump logs, but nothing more would be done. If we were particularly clever, we could copy the old tapes onto more compact media in a simple manner, saving us money on media costs. One obvious problem with this minimalist approach is that the knowledge to interpret the data is being lost much more quickly than the data on the tapes themselves - so the real danger with this approach is that in 10 years, we might have hundreds of gigabytes of tapes that we cannot make sense of.

    see byte stream

  1. Tape Archiving Using The Time Capsule File System


raw media file

  1. A file containing digital media data that does not contain any OMFI objects .

  1. Omf Interchange Specification


reference information

  1. Information that identifies, and if necessary describes, one or more mechanisms used to provide assigned identifiers for the Content Information. It also provides these identifiers that allow outside systems to refer, unambiguously, to this particular Content Information. An example of reference information is an ISBN.

    see unique identifier

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


referencing content

  1. There are at least five ways that Content may be referenced from within a Wrapper (typically from within
    Composition Metadata):
    1. Content is contained within the same file.
    2. Content is referenced in an external unwrapped file (e.g. media in some ÒrawÓ or ÒnativeÓ format ).
    Note that in this case there is no way to guarantee that this Content is the correct material, except that
    data format , length, and perhaps name if available in that external format can be checked against the
    Metadata description of the Content.
    3. Content is referenced in an external Wrapper with the same UID as the origin al reference. (There may
    be indirection here, where a referenced Wrapper does not contain Content but references yet another
    wrapper that does.)
    4. Content is referenced in an external wrapper , but has been replaced by new Content from the same
    original source by an application that retains the origin al Metadata (perhaps recreated at a different
    resolution, or perhaps because it was deleted to conserve storage and then re-created when needed
    again).
    It would be desirable to have two levels of UID Ð a ÒhandleÓ and one for the actual Content. All
    Content references would be to the handle Õs UID. Then a Content item could be replaced with a new
    UID, and its handle would have its reference to the Content updated. All external references to the
    handle would remain valid.
    5. Content is recreated in a separate environment from the same origin al source. In this case there is no
    way to have UID references. An application could examine the origin al source information (e.g. tape
    and timecode range) and determine that this Content is equivalent to the origin al Content, and update
    the reference to the new UID.

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


reformatting

  1. the transfer of information from one physical format or medium to another.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


refreshing

  1. This term can refer to periodic retensioning of tape, or the rerecording of recorded information onto the same tape (or different tape) to refresh the magnetic signal. In the audio /video tape community, refreshing generally refers to retensioning of the tape, but it can also refer to the copying of one tape to another. See transcription .
  2. Refresh:
    to copy digital information from one long-term storage medium to another of the same type, with no change whatsoever in the bit -stream (e.g. from a decaying 800bpi tape to a new 800bpi tape, or from an older 5 1/4" floppy to a new 5 1/4" floppy). "Modified refreshing" is the copying to another medium of a similar enough type that no change is made in the bit -pattern that is of concern to the application and operating system using the data , e.g. from an 800bpi tape to a 1600bpi tape or to a "square", cartridge, tape; or from a 5 1/4" floppy disk to a 3 1/2" floppy disk.
  3. Proposed solutions to these problems usually involve periodic 'refreshing' or recopying of the digital
    information onto new media and the occasional 'migration' of data into new format s. Assuming that some answer can be found to these problems, there remains the important issue of intellectual preservation . Even when digital information has migrated into new format s, there will remain a need for user s to be sure that the 'document' they are looking at is the one that they were looking for.
  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


  2. Extending Metadata For Digital Preservation
registration authorities

  1. coordinate efforts and ensure unambiguous specification of interchange services and format s.

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


registry

  1. A dictionary that lists executable code modules and associated data by which they can be selected. Examples of a registry are part registry and scripting component registry.

    see data dictionary

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


render

  1. The process of displaying an image. The final and actual displayed image is said to have been rendered.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


repackaging

  1. When moving a digital Information Object to new media, re-organize the Information Object on the media without requiring any alteration to its Representation Information. For example, consider the case of an Information Object whose data are the bit sequences within two files on a CD-ROM written under ISO-9660. and where its Representation Information document s the meaning of these two bit sequences. These two bit sequences may be copied to digital linear tape as two new files as long as the association of these files content to the corresponding Representation Information is maintained.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


replication

  1. Replication (pronounced rehp-lih-KA-shun) is the process of making a replica (a copy) of something. A replication (noun) is a copy. The term is used in fields as varied as microbiology (cell replication), knitwear (replication of knitting patterns), and information distribution (CD-ROM replication). On the Internet, a Web site that has been replicated in its entirety and put on another site is called a mirror site. Using the groupware product, Lotus Notes, replication is the periodic electronic refreshing (copying) of a data base from one computer server to another so that all user s in the Notes network constantly share the same level of information .

    see refreshing
    see migration

  1. Whatis.com Inc.


request for proposal (RFP)

  1. document requesting potential suppliers to submit proposals to sell goods or services at a proposed price. Also called a request for bid.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


resolution

  1. There are two types of resolution in digital images; spatial and intensity. Spatial resolution is the number of pixel s per unit of length along the x and y axis. Intensity resolution is the number of quantized levels that a pixel can have.
  2. The picture elements that make up an image, similar to grains in a photograph or dots in a half-tone . Each pixel can represent a number of different shades or colors, depending upon how much storage space is allocated for it.see 8-bit image or 24-bit image

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

retrieval

  1. the process of locating and withdrawing books and document s from where they are stored.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


RGB

  1. Red, Green, Blue. A triplet of numeric values which are used to describe a color.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


RGBQUAD

  1. Red, Green, Blue, Quad. A set of four numbers used to describe a color. The forth number is always set to zero. By using this strange and seemingly wasteful color value an efficient color LUT or palette can be created. It is more efficient to use such a LUT because most computers find multiplying by 4 easier then by 3, as would be the case in an RGB triplet.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


RGL

  1. Research Libraries Group. RLG is a corporation owned by major universities and research institutions. RLG is dedicated to solving common problems, providing sophisticated access to bibliographic information , maintaining an automated union catalog (called RLIN), expedited interlibrary borrowing and lending of materials for patrons, and developing cooperative collection development and preservation program s.

  1. Technical Services Department Glossary


rich text format

  1. A standard developed by Microsoft Corporation for specifying format ting of document s. RTF files are actually ASCII files with special commands to indicate format ting information , such as fonts and margins. Other document format ting languages include the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), which is used to define document s on the World Wide Web, and the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), which is a more robust version of HTML.
  2. RTF (Rich Text Format) is a file format that lets you exchange text files between different word processors in different operating system s. For example, you can create a file using Microsoft Word 97 in Windows 95, save it as an RTF file (it will have a ".rtf" file name suffix), and send it to someone who uses WordPerfect 6.0 on Windows 3.1 and they will be able to open the file and read it. (In some cases, the RTF capability may be built into the word processor. In others, a separate reader or writer may be required.) The RTF Specification uses the ANSI, PC-8, Macintosh, and IBM PC character sets. It defines control words and symbol s that serve as "common denominator" format ting commands. When saving a file in the Rich Text Format, the file is processed by an RTF writer which converts the word processor's markup to the RTF language. When being read, the control words and symbol s are processed by an RTF reader that converts the RTF language into format ting for the word processor that will display the document . (The Specification, a copy of which is located in the archive s at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), is used to create an RTF reader or writer.)
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

RLIN

  1. Research Libraries Information Network. RLIN is the automated bibliographic information system which supports RLG's principal program s.

  1. Technical Services Department Glossary


robust

  1. Robust (pronounced RO-buhst) is an adjective commonly applied in marketing literature to information technology products in several ways. It derives from the Latin robustus, meaning "strength." 1) A robust product can be one that doesn't break easily. Thus, an operating system in which any individual application program can fail without disturbing the operating system or other application s can be said to be robust. 2) Robust is also sometimes used to mean a product or system of products designed with a full complement of capabilities. Thus, in the context of the business world, early UNIX systems were not considered as robust as IBM's mainframe operating system s, such as MVS, which were designed for continuous operation with a very low failure rate and features such as automatic backup of file systems.

  1. Whatis.com Inc.


Rosetta stone

  1. The UPF uses the digital Rosetta stone to get at the range of data types held in a digital storage bank. It would serve as a key, defining data types and encapsulating algorythms for decyphering those files. Jeff Rothenberg, in an article for Scientific American, suggests encapsulating software with the stored digital media as a way to get at the media through time. MacCarn proposes the use of platform -independent algorythms to decode the stored file types . MacCarn's Rosetta stone might state in effect, "This system uses MaRC, which is defined as such-as-such" or "This system was origin ally recorded on 422 Video, which is defined as so-and-so." In addition, the Rosetta stone might include some form of mapping among among multimedia file format s or even classification or catalog ing systems. The Rosetta stone would also serve as registry for unique identifier s.

  1. Toward A Universal Data Format For The Preservation Of Media


schema

  1. 1) In computer program ming, a schema (pronounced SKEE-mah) is the organization or structure for a data base. The activity of data modelling leads to a schema. (The plural form is schemata. The term is from a Greek word for "form" or "figure." Another word from the same source is "schematic.") The term is used in discussing both relational data bases and object-oriented data bases. The term sometimes seems to refer to a visualization of a structure and sometimes to a formal text-oriented description.

  1. Whatis.com Inc.


screen coordinates

  1. Screen coordinates are those of the actual graphics display controller. The origin is almost always at the upper left hand corner of the display. See also Coordinates.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


SDDF (Self Defining Data Format)

  1. The Pablo Performance Analysis Environment is a large project
    headed up by the Pablo Group in the Department of Computer
    Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. The
    project includes tools to instrument program s, and tools to analyze
    the data . The Pablo Instrumentation Library handle s the
    instrumentation of program s. It outputs trace data using the Pablo
    Self-Defining Data Format (SDDF). SDDF is a flexible file format
    for storing performance data . SDDF files consist of record
    descriptors and record instances. Record descriptor are like C struct
    declarations. Here is an example of a record descriptor and instance
    in an ASCII format :

    #65: "GenericTrace" {
    int "Timestamp"[];
    double "Seconds";
    int "Event Identifier";
    int "Processor Number";
    char "User Defined Data"[];
    };;

    "Generic Trace" {
    [2] {
    24543364,
    0
    }, 24.543364, 504, 0,
    [29] {
    "18 voice recognition active"
    } };;

    SDDF files can be written in ASCII text, or in a more compact
    binary format . Descriptors are usually written to the output file
    when the instrumentation library is initialized. However, the SDDF
    specification only requires that they are written before any
    corresponding instances. This is similar to the C++ declaration
    style.

  1. SDDF (Self Defining Data Format)


Self Describing File Format (SDFF)

  1. The Self Describing File Format (SDFF) is a meta file format
    specification for uncomplicated ASCII data files. It is similar to,
    but simpler than the SDDF (Self Defining Data Format)
    specification in the PABLO performance analysis environment. The
    Pablo SDDF is used in high performance computing environments
    to define and record computing trace file events. SDDF files
    contain the data record structure descriptions and the actual data
    records.

    The SDFF specification has been designed to make the ASCII data
    files more readable and easy to parse using a standard input routine.
    The format provides flexibility within the data file and allows
    seamless changes without affecting the parsing code within the
    input routine.


    SDFF Structure

    %{name} [{type}] [{number_of_rows} [{number_of_columns}]]

    The name is a single word descriptor of the subsequent data line(s).
    The type specification is optional, with the default being integer.
    The number_of_rows is optional and states the number of data
    lines that follow the description line. The number_of_columns is
    also optional and if present, the number_of_rows is required. It
    gives the number of white space separated data columns for each
    line that follows the description line.

    Sample Data File in SDFF Format:

    %mnpt INT
    3
    %meshpts REAL 3 2
    0.0 0.0
    1.0 0.0
    3.5 2.0
    %soln REAL 3
    1.53
    3.356
    0.342

  1. Self Describing File Format


self description

  1. The TOC Itself A somewhat more recursive example is the description of the TOC by itself. Every TOC actually contains such a self-description, so reader code actually has to deal with some of this structure , but it will typically not be visible at the application level.
  2. Page 385:
    This concludes the chapter on Bento and storage unit navigation objects . So what do you think of these self-describing files within files? We [...] believe that these new compound document file systems -- OpenDocÕs Bento and OLEÕs compound files -- offer tremendous opportunities for developers and system integrators. Just image all the good things you can do with files filled with self-describing data ?

    see metadata 2
  3. At the container level each package is an opaque bit stream. One implication of these properties is that any encoding (transfer syntax) for a container must allow the recipient of the container to skip over unknown packages within the container (in other words, the size of each package must be self describing at the container level).
  1. Bento Specification

  2. Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide

  3. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata
server

  1. computer system which provides services such as electronic mail routing, data base sharing, or file transfer to local or remote user s.
  2. Software that allows a computer to offer a service to another computer. Other computers contact the server program by means of matching client software . It is also the computer on which the server software runs.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


session

  1. an interval during which a logical, mutually agreed correspondence between two objects exists for the transfer of related information . A session defines a relationship between the participating user s in a service instance.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


SGML

  1. began (and is still primarily used) in the publishing industry to describe how text should be format ted, printed, processed or laid out in a system independent way. ISO 8879 defines two parts, a Prologue and a Document Instance. The prologue contains the SGML declaration and a document type declaration (DTD); the document instance is the content. The SGML Declaration specifies facts about the characters set, the delimiter codes, and the length of identifiers. The DTD contains the description of elements the description of attributes and entities which are named parts of a document . As is the case for other international standards , SGML provides a generalized structure that is given meaning by implementation standards .
  2. A standard that defines a language for document representation which formalizes markup and frees it of system and processing dependencies. It provides a coherent and unambiguous syntax for describing any element(s) a user chooses to identify within a document .
  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


SLA

  1. Special Libraries Association.

  1. Technical Services Department Glossary


software

  1. Computer instructions or data . Anything that can be stored electronically is software. The storage device s and display devices are hardware. The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and adjectives. For example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a problem with the program or data , not with the computer itself. You can also say: "It's a software problem." The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked. Clearly, when you purchase a program , you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is recorded. Software is often divided into two categories: systems software : Includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. application s software : Includes program s that do real work for user s. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and data base management systems fall under the category of application s software.
  2. digital records may only be access ible and understandable when viewed using the software that created them--or functionally identical software. The increasing use of graphics, hypertext, linked structure s, and multimedia makes records increasingly dependent on specific software for interpretation: a "data file" may be nearly useless without the software to interpret the structure and meaning of the file. Traditional document s and records can often be thought of as having linear content that is relatively independent of their structure , but this is rapidly becoming untrue of modern document s and records. While it may be possible to decipher simple text or numeric format s by using "brute force" methods, this will just not work for more complex file structure s, in which there may be no inherent way to know whether to interpret a given sequence of bit s as text, number, pointer, image, sound, video , program , or new format s yet to be invented.
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity

source code

  1. Program instructions in their origin al form. The word source differentiates code from various other forms that it can have (for example, object code and executable code). Initially, a program mer writes a program in a particular program ming language. This form of the program is called the source program , or more generically, source code. To execute the program , however, the program mer must translate it into machine language, the language that the computer understands. The first step of this translation process is usually performed by a utility called a compiler . The compiler translates the source code into a form called object code . Sometimes the object code is the same as machine code; sometimes it needs to be translated into machine language by a utility called an assembler . Source code is the only format that is readable by humans. When you purchase program s, you usually receive them in their machine-language format . This means that you can execute them directly, but you cannot read or modify them. Some software manufacturers provide source code, but this is useful only if you are an experienced program mer.

  1. Pcwebopedia


source data

  1. Statements in a scripting language that constitute an uncompiled script.

  1. Ibm Programming Guide


source document s

  1. Documents containing images and/or data entered into a microform or electronic records system. Also called source records.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


source file

  1. A file that contains source statements for items such as high-level language program s and data description specification s.


  1. Ibm Programming Guide


special collections

  1. Collections constituting materials of artifactual and particular research value. They are organized and housed by format , such as Rare Books, Manuscripts, University Archives, Visual Materials, Numismatics, and Papyrology. All are part of the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.

  1. Technical Services Department Glossary


specification

  1. a definition of the requirements of a system. A specification consists of general parameters required of the system and the functional specification of its required behaviour. Specification may also be used as a shorthand for specification and/or description, e.g., in SDL specification or system specification.
  2. The detailed description of a product or service, usually including a list of measurable characteristics, the different parts or materials that go into a product or service, and often a detailed set of directions of how to assemble the product or properly perform the service.
  1. Digital Audio-visual Council

  2. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions

standards

  1. A definition or format that has been approved by a recognized standards organization or is accepted as a de facto standard by the industry. Standards exist for program ming languages, operating system s, data format s, communications protocols, and electrical interfaces. From a user 's standpoint, standards are extremely important in the computer industry because they allow the combination of products from different manufacturers to create a customized system. Without standards, only hardware and software from the same company could be used together. In addition, standard user interfaces can make it much easier to learn how to use new application s.
  2. Standards may seem to alleviate this problem, but they necessarily lag behind current practice, and (as the saying goes) the best thing about standards is that there are so many different ones to choose from. Furthermore, it is naive to think we can standardize data representation or presentation format s when our paradigms are still evolving so fast. Although data can be translated into new forms as standards change, this introduces the risk of corruption as each translation is performed; since it is not always possible to provide backward translation without loss, the origin al version of a record is often impossible to reconstruct once it is translated. The only general, long-term solution to this problem would appear to be a strategy that makes records self-contained and self- explanatory.
  3. Translating the Data into an Industry Standard Format One could imagine translating all of our files into document s access ible to modern word processors, spreadsheets, etc. There is a continuous upgrade path of translators going from these format s to the next format that comes along. The advantage of this approach is that our entire data set would be usable by all the common application s of any one time. Unfortunately, this approach also requires that we translate our document s each time a new format comes along. Many of these translators seem to lose a small fraction of the semantics of the origin al document ; for example, the rows in an ASCII text table may no longer line up. In passing through translator after translator, more and more format ting information may become lost or garbled, until the document becomes unreadable. Therefore, if we are going to translate our document s, it is important to maintain the origin al document and to choose a format that will remain stable for a long time.
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity

  3. Tape Archiving Using The Time Capsule File System
storage container

  1. ASF is a storage container . Media streams in an ASF file are read by a media server and transmitted over a data communications transport protocol to a local client for render ing or local storage. The local client could also play an ASF file from its local storage.

    see bento

  1. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper


storage device

  1. A device capable of storing data . The term usually refers to mass storage devices, such as disk and tape drives.

  1. Pcwebopedia


storage format

  1. As used in information storage and retrieval , Format or Storage Format refers to the actual representation of the stored data on the storage medium, that is, the specific way in which it is encoded or program med onto the medium. Classifying such methodologies is beyond the scope of this document . Indeed, for the most part--and particularly as applied to digital electronic storage technologies--there are few general standards that are accepted by all or most manufacturers. The implication is that access to the information stored on the medium depends upon specific software or computer program s supplied by the manufacturer, software that may become obsolete with the passage of time. One result may be that stored information may need to be reformatted or transferred to newer storage media periodically in order for the information to remain access ible with current software and technology.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


storage technology

  1. Storage Technology refers to the technology used to store the images or information obtained through the use of some form of Capture Technology. This includes the medium used for storage, the compression methodology used to minimize the amount of storage medium employed, the format used to program the image or information onto the medium, the encoding method s used to represent any interpretation of the stored information , and the useful life of the storage medium.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


strategy

  1. the basic component of a strategic management plan which is the brief statement of a single, manageable, and observable event or activity for which the organization will be responsible for achieving. A "strategy" is a unit of an "objective" and serves to clarify an "objective" into manageable units; whereas, "methodology" describes how the "strategy" will be achieved. The "accountability" denotes the responsible parties.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


streaming

  1. technique for transferring data such that it can be processed as a steady and continuous stream. Streaming technologies are becoming increasingly important with the growth of the Internet because most user s do not have fast enough access to download large multimedia files quickly. With streaming, the client browser or plug-in can start displaying the data before the entire file has been transmitted. For streaming to work, the client side receiving the data must be able to collect the data and send it as a steady stream to the application that is processing the data and converting it to sound or pictures. This means that if the streaming client receives the data more quickly than required, it needs to save the excess data in a buffer. If the data doesn't come quickly enough, however, the presentation of the data will not be smooth. There are a number of competing streaming technologies emerging. For audio data on the Internet, the de facto standard is Progressive Network's RealAudio.

    see byte stream
    see raw byte stream

  1. Pcwebopedia


stretch intensity

  1. An image processing method which takes a given image and assures that the intensity distribution fills the entire range of possible values . An 8-bit image that has stretched will always have at least one pixel with a value of zero and one of255. The term comes from the before and after histogram of the given image. A stretch operation will linearly stretch a histogram so that isranges from the minimum pixel value to the maximum pixel value.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


structural data

  1. This is data defining the logical components of complex or compound objects and how to access those components. A simple example is a table of contents for a textual document . A more complex example is the definition of the different source file s, subroutines, data definitions in a software suite.

  1. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata


structure

  1. Structure refers to the divisions within a document provided for ease of access , reference, and other purposes. The broad structure of a given document is likely to vary according to its format , and there is also not necessarily any standard structure for a given format . With its long history , the structure of the printed book has evolved towards a somewhat standard structure. Because of the focus of this Glossary on the preservation of the printed book, a typical book structure is presented here and structures for other format s are omitted.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


subject classification system

  1. A plan used for identifying and coding document s by topic to provide an orderly and accurate way of filing and finding. Examples include alphanumeric, alphabetic-subject, decimal, duplex-numeric, mnemonic, and subject-numeric.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


subject-numeric filing system

  1. A subject classification system in which the main topics are arranged alphabetically and the subdivisions are coded numerically. For example, "Personnel 8" might stand for "Hours of Duty." This system may be modified by combining it with the mnemonic filing system so that, for example, "Personnel 8" would become "PER 8." See also MNEMONIC

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


surface metadata

  1. Encapsulated records must be annotated with "surface metadata " consisting of three categories, one mandatory, the other two optional. The mandatory category is explanatory metadata that describes how to unwrap the encapsulated information . This can be thought of as the protruding tip of an iceberg of explanatory metadata , the rest of which may be contained within the encapsulation : all that is really needed at the surface of the encapsulation is a description of how to decode and interpret any additional, encapsulated explanatory metadata . This is logically sufficient, since any other required metadata can be encapsulated, to be retrieved from within the encapsulation by following the instructions in the surface explanatory metadata .
    see encapsulation

  1. Metadata To Support Data Quality And Longevity


surrogate image

  1. A representation, usually in photographic form, used for study.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


symbol

  1. a bit or a defined sequence of bit s.

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


table

  1. A data file arranged into two-dimensional form, normally consisting of rows and columns together with headings or labels to depict the contents of the rows and columns. Tables may themselves contain other tables as elements resulting in a "latticed" arrangement of data . A spreadsheet is a special form of table origin ally used for accounting purposes and containing financial data , but which now includes a wide variety of complex reports arranged in tabular form, often with the aid of computer workstation s.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


task group

  1. purpose-directed subsets of the profession that work directly with CIMI staff and the CIMI committee to develop museum information interchange in a system-independent way (ref Report of CIMI Meeting 1, Sec 3.2 p 5).

  1. Glossary Of Cimi Terms


technology preservation

  1. Lesk describes the rapid changes in the means of recording, in the storage format s and in the software that allows electronic information to be of use. Urging what might be called technology preservation he asserts that for electronic information , "preservation means copying, not physical preservation ." That is, the preservation of electronic information into the indefinite future requires its being "refreshed" from old to new technologies as they become available and as the old technologies cease being supported by vendors and the user community.

  1. Intellectual Preservation: Electronic Preservation Of The Third Kind


terms and conditions

  1. This is metadata that describes the ÒrulesÓ for use of an object. Terms and conditions might include an access list of who can view the object, a "conditions of use" statement that might be displayed before access to the object is allowed, a schedule (tariff) of prices and fees for use of the object, or a definition of permitted uses of an object (viewing, printing, copying, etc.).

  1. Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata


text document

  1. The text of the document only is captured as character representations, that is, each alphabetic character has a unique representation following a standard means of encoding, such as the ASCII standard. With electronic digital storage, the amount of space taken to store a representation of a character generally takes far less than the amount of space taken to represent a character in image form. Usually, each character representation of a letter of, say, the Roman alphabet takes 8 bit s [1 byte ] of storage space. When stored in image form, the representation may take several orders of magnitude more storage space, depending upon the size of the character, the scanning resolution , and the degree of compression used. Storing a document as a text document facilitates full-text or partial- text retrieval , where document s or parts of document s can be selected and retrieved by searching for the occurrence of keywords or strings of text. This is not possible with Image Documents, unless they have been wholly or partially converted to Text Documents using Optical Character Recognition techniques, a process that is not sufficiently accurate for most preservation purposes.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


text/image retrieval

  1. The ability to locate an image in storage by using full-text search algorithm s.

  1. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions


textual encoding

  1. The text contained in the origin al document has been interpreted so that each character has a separate representation. Such interpretation may have occurred at the time of scanning if an optical character recognition device is used, or later using internal character recognition program s applied to document s in image format . Such textual interpretation may result in either unformatted or format ted text, depending upon the degree of sophistication of the device or program . Recognition accuracy may also be limited.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


thumbnail

  1. A small copy of an image. Usually used to display many images on the screen at once. See acess image
  2. Thumbnail is a term used by graphic designers and photographers for a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images. For example, software that lets you manage a number of images often provides a miniaturized version of each image so that you don't have to remember the file name of each image. A thumbnail is also used to mean a small and approximate version of an image or a brochure layout as a preliminary design step. Adobe's Acrobat viewer lets you show a sequence of thumbnails of viewable pages as a way to navigate among the pages in a document . Adobe Photoshop 4.0 lets you view a thumbnail version of certain image file types . The term probably springs from the idea of "a picture the size of your thumbnail."
  3. thumbnail view type: A view type in which a part is represented by a large (64-by-64 pixel s) bit map image that is typically a miniature representation of the layout of the part content. Other possible view types for displaying a part include large icon, small icon, and frame .
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

  3. Ibm Programming Guide
TIF

  1. .TIF (file format extension) Format origin ator: Aldus Corp and Microsoft Corp411 First Ave South 16011 NE 36th Way Seattle, WA 98104 Redmond, WA 98073
  2. TIFF (Tag Image File Format) is a common format for exchanging raster (bitmapped) images between application program s, including those used for scanning images. A TIFF file can be identified as a file with a ".tiff" or ".tif" file name suffix. The TIFF format was developed in 1986 by an industry committee chaired by the Aldus Corporation (now part of Adobe Software). Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard were among the contributors to the format . One of the most common graphic image format s, TIFF files are commonly used in desktop publishing, faxing, 3-D application s, and medical imaging application s. TIFF files can be in any of several classes, including gray scale, color palette, or RGB full color, and can include files with JPEG, LZW, or CCITT Group 4 standard run-length compression .
  3. An industry standard developed by Aldus for image file storage. A bit map file format for describing and storing digital gray scale images.
  1. Imaging Dictionary

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

  3. Price Imaging Corp: Terms & Definitions
Time Capsule File System (TCFS)

  1. Specifically, TCFS is intended to be a single universal format to which we can migrate all our old files, thus simplifying the problem of dealing with a myriad specialized format s. TCFS is also designed to be simple enough to re-engineer without any previous understanding of it, which reduces the risk that data will become ``stranded''.
    see UPF
    see rosetta

  1. Tape Archiving Using The Time Capsule File System


TOC

  1. The Table of Contents (TOC) file is an ASCII file that contains: a list of all of the bit streams in the content package ; the individual data and index files that make up these bit streams; relevant attributes of these bit streams. The structure of the TOC file is specified using the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). ASN.1 is a standardized way for describing structure d information .
  2. All the metadata lives in the TOC. This is a difference between Bento and most other container format s, such as ASN.1, format s derived from IFF, etc. In these other format s, the metadata is associated with the chunks of data that it describes, a design approach that we call internally tagged. Jerry Morrison, the designer of IFF, was one of the major influences on the design of Bento; it was partly his experience with IFF that led us to move away from internal tagging. There are three reasons for this difference from other format s:
    a) Bento needs to support very flexible layout, such as multi-media interleaving , and internal tags would be inconvenient and even harmful for this.
    b) Applications inspecting an object can make decisions about it more efficiently if all of its metadata is concentrated in one place, rather than being spread out over the container with its values .
    c) We want to be able to assimilate existing format s that contain collections of objects
    without forcing them to change. This implies that we must be able to designate regions within the existing structure as values , without forcing them to somehow retrofit internal tags.
  3. The TOC Itself
    A somewhat more recursive example is the description of the TOC by itself. Every TOC actually contains such a self-description, so reader code actually has to deal with some of this structure , but it will typically not be visible at the application level.
  1. Sun Microsystems: Creating A Content Package

  2. Bento Specification

  3. Bento Specification
transcription

  1. The process of copying all of the information on one tape to another tape of the same or different format . The term refreshing is commonly used by some archivists and librarians to refer to the process of copying information from one tape to a newer tape of the same format (e.g., VHS to VHS). When the information is copied to a different format (e.g., BetaMax to VHS), the terms reformatting and converting have been used.

  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


transform

  1. An algorithm which takes an image, alters it, and outputs a new image. Sometimes written as 'xform'. See also Point transform, Neighborhood transform, and Geometric.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


transmutation

  1. When moving a digital Information Object to new media, alter its Representation Information, and possibly its associated data object, while attempting to preserve the essential meaning of the Information Object. For example, change an ASCII table to UNICODE and update the representation information accordingly when copying the
    table to new media.

  1. Reference Model For An Oais


turnkey system

  1. In electronic records , a computer system that is ready to run, typically with all necessary software already installed.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


types

  1. The type of a value describes the format of that value. Types record the structure of a value, whether it is compressed, what its byte ordering is, etc. Bento provides an open-ended mechanism, so that types can be extended to include whatever metadata is required. To continue the example above, the type of a string value would indicate the alphabet, whether it was null terminated, and possibly other information (such as the intended language). It might also indicate that the string was stored in a compressed form, and would indicate the compression technique, and the dictionary if one was required. If the string used multi-byte characters, and the byte -ordering was not defined by the alphabet, the type would indicate the byte -ordering within the characters. Bento defines an inheritance mechanism to make building complex types like this efficient. The structure of types is tied into the mechanism for access ing values , so that the type associated with a value causes the appropriate code to be invoked to access the value, decompress it, byte -swap it, etc. The specific mechanism for doing this is discussed in ÒDynamic ValuesÓ below.

  1. Bento Specification


ultrafiche

  1. Microfiche with images reduced more than 90 times the origin al. See also MICROFICHE.

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


unformatted text

  1. The character representation of the text contains no information to indicate font style, font size, or page layout. In this sense, unformatted character text representations are an example of irreversible compression .

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


unicode

  1. A standard for representing characters as integers. Unlike ASCII, which uses 8 bit s for each character, Unicode uses 16 bit s, which means that it can represent more than 65,000 unique characters. This is a bit of overkill for English and European languages, but it is necessary for some other languages, such as Chinese and Japanese. Many analysts believe that as the software industry becomes increasingly global, Unicode will eventually supplant ASCII as the standard character coding format .
  2. Unicode is an entirely new idea in setting up binary codes for text or script characters. Officially called the Unicode Worldwide Character Standard, it is a system for "the interchange, processing, and display of the written texts of the diverse languages of the modern world." It also supports many classical and historical texts in a number of languages. Currently, the Unicode standard contains 34,168 distinct coded characters derived from 24 supported language scripts. These characters cover the principal written languages of the world. Additional work is underway to add the few modern languages not yet included.

    see ASCII
  1. Pcwebopedia

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

  1. the naming structure for resources on the World Wide Web. The URL for VLIN is http://gemini.vsla.edu/home.html. It consists of three parts --- the method or protocol of retrieving the document (http), a machine name or address (gemini.vsla.edu) and a path name (/home.html) providing the physical location of the document in the directory.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


unintelligent number

  1. There is one theoretical issue which we need to discuss before moving to specifics. This is the crucial debate on whether a numbering system should adopt intelligent or unintelligent numbering. This is probably best described by reference to what an unintelligent numbering scheme is: this is a purely random number which can only be interpreted by reference to a central data base; examining the number itself tells you nothing about the object which it identifies.

  1. Unique Identifiers: A Brief Introduction


unique identifier

  1. Content must be identified by some species of Unique Identifier. Unique Identifiers are classified as Mandatory Descriptive Metadata. Unique Identifiers serve to identify the Content, irrespective of the physical location of the content, and independent of whether the Content is the origin al or a copy. This is different from the function of the Filename (discussed by the Sub-Group on File Transfer Methods in Chapter 3). When Content is duplicated, it must retain the same Unique Identifier; however, whenever processing is performed on the copy, or when a copy is made of only a subsection of the Content, a new Unique Identifier must be assigned. In some Usage Profiles, traceability to the origin al Unique Identifier is required (see also ÒHistoryÓ below). In some other cases, identification of each specific instance or copy of the Content is required in addition to the Unique Identifier. This will probably involve linkage between Unique Identifiers and Filenames.

    see DOI
    see AUID

  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material


universal container file format

  1. ASF is a presentation format , as opposed to an edit format . This means that it is designed for efficient playback of multiple media streams by media server s and clients. ASF files are editable, but ASF is not intended to be a replacement for high-end video editing format s, cut lists, or media authoring systems.

  1. Advanced Streaming Format White Paper


universal preservation format

  1. The Universal Preservation Format is a file format that utilizes a container or wrapper structure . Its frame work incorporates metadata that identifies its contents within a registry of standard data types and serves as the source code for mapping or translating binary composition into access ible or useable forms. The UPF is designed to be independent of the computer application s that created them, independent of the operating system from which these application s origin ated, and independent of the physical media upon which it is stored. The UPF is characterised as "self-described" because it includes within its metadata all the technical specification s required to build and rebuild appropriate media browser s to access its contained material throughout time.

  1. Upf Recommended Practice: Straw Man


upstream

  1. information flow direction is from an ESC System to an ESP System.
    End-Service Consumer (ESC):Êa user whose primary interaction with the system is through the SET TOP UNIT.
    End-Service Provider (ESP):Êan entity with jurisdiction over a domain that contains a system that (predominantly) provides information to clients


  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


URL

  1. Uniform Resource Locator. A standard addressing scheme used to locate or reference files on the Internet. Used in World Wide Web document s to locate other files. A URL gives the type of resource (scheme) being access ed (e.g., gopher, ftp) and the path to the file. The syntax used is: scheme://host.domain[:port]/path filename

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


URN

  1. Universal Resource Name/Number. A storage-independent scheme under development to name all resources on the Internet, which is likely to be adopted by the Internet Engineering Task Force by late 1996. URNs are likely to supersede URLs (Universal Resource Locators) for identification and referencing of networked resources.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


use copies

  1. Duplicates of a magnetic master or of origin al film that are prepared for use as reference copies or as duplication masters for recurring or large-scale duplication. Also called work copies. To be distinguished from preservation master copies, which, if the records are permanent, must be stored under archival conditions and not be used for reference purposes.
    SEE ALSO: DUPLICATE
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


useful life

  1. Useful Life refers to the archival quality of the storage medium. It usually refers to the period of time during which there is no unacceptable loss of information stored on the medium; and during which the storage medium remains usable for its intended purpose. The longevity of paper varies considerably depending upon its method of manufacture and conditions of storage. Unless the paper is produced to meet permanent standards , paper may last from a few years or so to hundreds of years. Most paper produced since the middle of the nineteenth century has a useful life of less than 100 years. Paper produced to meet archival standards should last several hundred years. Film, provided it is manufactured, processed, and stored according to archival standards , appears to have a useful life well in excess of 500 years. Videotape appears to be extremely vulnerable and to have a relatively short life of a few decades. Digital electronic storage media have a varying useful life projected to range from a few years to over 100 years. The latter has not been formally tested by experience, but is projected based on laboratory stress tests. Such media, however, become obsolete for other reasons long before their physical properties render them useless. It becomes economically and functionally infeasible to maintain the information stored on the origin al medium of capture, since it becomes far cheaper to transfer the information periodically to higher density and cheaper newer technologies. Concerns also exist regarding the possibility of modifying digital ly-encoded document s, particularly when "read/write" devices are used ; and regarding other issues of security. The implications of periodic recopying for libraries are quite far- reaching. Libraries are not used to having to maintain their inventory by periodic recopying, even though such practices are quite common in data centers. Indeed, the recent impetus of preservation may have caused some librarians to rethink their position in this regard, although librarians still tend to think in terms of periods of centuries rather than having to recopy every few years. Such considerations may either hinder the adoption of digital technologies or eventually cause some rethinking of the underlying economics of librarianship.
    SEE ALSO: archival

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


user

  1. a service consuming object or system

  1. Digital Audio-visual Council


values

  1. Values are where the data is actually stored. The data for a value can be stored anywhere in a container . In fact, it can be broken up into any number of separate pieces, and the pieces can be stored anywhere. (See the discussion of value segments below.) Each value may range in size from 0 byte s to 2 64 byte s (if you have that much storage). The overhead per value varies depending on the circumstances. For an object with a single value, the typical overhead will be 21 byte s. For a small value which is one of several values associated with a property, the overhead can be as low as five byte s.

  1. Bento Specification


vector graphic

  1. A digital image encoded as formulas that represent lines and curves.
  2. The presentation of images stored as vector or other mathematical representations.
  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  2. Automated Interchange Of Technical Information

version control

  1. Version control, allowing an AAF file's data to be edited and revised while retaining the history of the changes such that an older version of the file can be recalled, if necessary.
    AAF files will retain information about the origin al sources, so that the resulting edited media can be traced back to its origin al source.

    see identifier

  1. Advanced Authoring Format Specification


video

  1. Video is normally an analog electronic technology for recording still or moving images, usually combined with sound. Following standards defined for television playback and broadcasting, the images are normally recorded on magnetic tape , when it is known as videotape, but also on other physical media such as optical disk . Playback is usually achieved through a television set or video projector, although it is now possible and becoming common to play video recordings back through a computer or multimedia workstation.

  1. Council On Preservation And Access


video digitizer

  1. An image-capture device that employs a video camera attached to a circuit board in a computer which converts the video signal into a digital file. Also called a frame -grabber.

  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database


video stream

  1. A sequence of still images that are transmitted and displayed in synchronous order given the appearance of livemotion.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


vinegar syndrome

  1. Characteristic of the decomposition of acetate based magnetic tape where acetic acid is a substantial by-product that gives the tape a vinegar-like odor. After the onset of the vinegar syndrome, acetate tape backings degrade at an accelerated rate - the hydrolysis of the acetate is catalyzed further by the presence of acetic acid by product.

  1. Magnetic Tape Storage And Handling


virtual library

  1. library and information services are provided electronically, through networked document delivery and access , to user s as if contained within the library building. Often used to refer to networked access to conventional library resources.

  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory


virtual machine

  1. 1) In the most recent computer usage, virtual machine is a term used by Sun Microsystems, developers of the Java program ming language and runtime environment, to describe software that acts as an interface between compiled Java binary code and the microprocessor (or "hardware platform ") that actually performs the program 's instructions. Once a Java virtual machine has been provided for a platform , any Java program (which, after compilation, is called byte code) can run on that platform . Java was designed to allow application program s to be built that could be run on any platform without having to be rewritten or recompiled by the program mer for each separate platform . Java's virtual machine makes this possible. The Java virtual machine specification defines an abstract rather than a real "machine" (or processor) and specifies an instruction set, a set of registers, a stack, a "garbage-collected heap," and a method area. The real implementation of this abstract or logically defined processor can be in other code that is recognized by the real processor or be built into the microchip processor itself. The output of "compiling" a Java source program (a set of Java language statements) is called byte code. A Java virtual machine can either interpret the byte code one instruction at a time (mapping it to a real microprocessor instruction) or the byte code can be compiled further for the real microprocessor using what is called a just-in-time (JIT) compiler .
  2. A self-contained operating environment that behaves as if it is a separate computer. For example, Java applets run in a Java virtual machine (VM) that has no access to the host operating system . This design has two advantages: System Independence: A Java application will run the same in any Java VM, regardless of the hardware and software underlying the system. Security: Because the VM has no contact with the operating system , there is little possibility of a Java program damaging other files or application s. The second advantage, however, has a downside. Because program s running in a VM are separate from the operating system , they cannot take advantage of special operating system features.
  1. Whatis.com Inc.

  2. Pcwebopedia

vital records

  1. Records essential to the continued functioning or reconstitution of an organization during and after an emergency and also those records essential to protecting the legal and financial rights of that organization and of the individuals directly affected by its activities. Sometimes called essential records. Include both emergency-operating and rights-and-interests records. Vital records considerations are part of an agency's records disaster prevention and recovery program .

  1. Federal Records Management Glossary


Warwick frame work

  1. The Warwick Framework [1] provides an architecture for the interchange of distinct metadata packages. The architecture has two fundamental components, container s and packages. Containers are the unit for aggregating metadata packages. A container may be transient, existing only to transfer packages between systems, or persistent. In its persistent form a container is stored on one or more server s and is access ible using a global identifier (URI). It should be noted that a container may be wrapped within another object, i.e. one that is a wrapper for both data and metadata . Each package is a typed object of one of the following kinds:

    metadata set, for example a Dublin Core or MARC record
    indirect, i.e. a reference to an external object using a URI
    container , these can be nested to any level of complexity

    The Warwick Framework makes no constraints on the underlying means of communications. It has been implemented using MIME [2] and SGML [3] and a method for embedding container s in Web pages using the HTML META tag is currently being discussed. Warwick Framework container s could be transmitted using email, file transfer, HTTP (the Web), etc.

    The key characteristics of the Warwick Framework are:-

    No presumptions made on the underlying transfer mechanism.
    No constraints on the complexity of container s
    No restrictions on the types of metadata contained in packages - though a
    type registry scheme is required (similar to the MIME registry ) to allow
    clients to determine the type of packages

  1. The Warwick Framework - A Container Architecture For Aggregating Sets Of Metadata


watermark

  1. Bits altered within an image to create a pattern which indicates proof of ownership. Unauthorized use of a watermarked image can then be traced.
  2. Digital object fingerprinting and watermarking
    Several techniques have been developed that enable owners of valuable data to verify the source of a particular copy of a digital object by reference to a hidden code, usually inserted using steganographic techniques. This is often cross referenced to the buyer at the time of first sale.

    Such methods have widespread application in the protection and control of data .

    IBM , Cyphertech Systems Inc. and Highwater Designs Limited were among the early entrants in this field. NEC has also recently announced a secure spread spectrum invisible watermarking system for multimedia.
  1. Introduction To Imaging: Issues In Constructing An Image Database

  2. Tools And Standards For Protection, Control And Presentation Of Data

WMF

  1. Format origin ator: Microsoft Corp16011 NE 36th Way Redmond, WA 98073

  1. Imaging Dictionary


wrapper

  1. The purposes of a Wrapper (sometimes called a ÒcontainerÓ) are to gather together program material (including audio , video , graphics, etc.), called Essence, and related information , called Metadata; identify the pieces of information ; and thus facilitate the placing of information into the Wrapper, the retrieval of information from the Wrapper, and the management of transactions involving the information . Essence and Metadata together form the Content of the Wrapper. The various kinds of information that go into a Wrapper have been defined. The task force considered a range of application s where a Wrapper may be useful, ranging from capture to editing to distribution. Although user s prefer a single solution, it was realized that a single Wrapper format will not satisfy all application s, although the number of distinct format s might be limited to just two. It is especially important for interchange that the different Wrapper format s are defined so that they are compatible . Detailed analysis of the usage profiles for Wrappers must be completed during the development of the format s. see container
  2. In information technology, a wrapper is data that precedes or frame s the main data or a program that sets up another program so that it can run successfully. 1) On the Internet, "http://" and "ftp://" are sometimes described as wrappers for the Internet addresses or URLs (Uniform Resource Locators> that follow. A set of bracketing symbol s (such as < and >, used here to wrap the word "and") are also sometimes referred to as wrappers . 2) In program ming, a wrapper is a program or script that sets the stage and makes possible the running of another, more important program . 3) In data transmission, a wrapper is the data that is put in front of or around a transmission that provides information about it and may also encapsulate it from view to anyone other than the intended recipient. A wrapper often consists of a header that precedes the encapsulated data and the trailer that follows it. 4) In data base technology, a wrapper can be used to determine who has access to look at or change the data that is wrapped.
  3. An object (or class) that exists to provide an object-oriented interface to a non-object- oriented or system-specific structure . The OpenDoc class ODWindow, for example, is a wrapper for a system-specific window structure .
  1. Task Force For Harmonized Standards For The Exchange Of Program Material

  2. Whatis.com Inc.

  3. Ibm Programming Guide
x,y

  1. A mathematical method for referring to a pixel from a digital image. Since most digital images are maintained as a Cartesian matrix of pixel s, each pixel has a unique address which can be described as an x or horizontal displacement from the origin and a y or vertical displacement from the origin . See also coordinates.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


YIQ

  1. (Y)luminance, (I), (Q). YIQ is the color model used for U.S. commercial television. It was designed to be backwards compatible with the old black and white television sets. "Y" or luminance is a weighted average of the red, green, and blue which give more weight to red and green than to blue. The I and Q contain the color components. Together they are called the chromoticity.

  1. Imaging Dictionary


z39.50

  1. a national standard defining a protocol for computer-to-computer information retrieval , which makes it possible for a user in one system to search and retrieve information from other computer systems without knowing the search syntax used by those other systems.
  2. Information Retrieval Service: ISO 10162/63 or NISO Z39.50, Information Retrieval Service Definitions and Protocol Specifications for Library Applications allows an application on one computer to query a data base on another. The protocol specifies the inter-system procedures and structure s for submission of a search request in the native query syntax of the origin ating system to be responded to by the receiving system and have hits passed back to the origin ating system for display in its native format . To date, service definitions have been written for catalog and authority data bases and definitions for others are in development.
  1. Library Of Virginia Glossary Of Frequently Used Terms And Acronyms Directory

  2. Glossary Of Cimi Terms